gyrus cinguli

帯状回 cingulate gyrus

WordNet

1. a convex fold or elevation in the surface of the brain (同)convolution

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/04/16 16:20:05」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Brain: Cingulate cortex
Medial surface of left cerebral hemisphere, with cingulate gyrus and cingulate sulcus highlighted.
Latin	Cortex cingularis
Gray's	subject #189 825
Part of	Cerebral cortex
Artery	Anterior cerebral
Vein	Superior sagittal sinus
Acronym(s)	Cg
NeuroNames	hier-141
MeSH	Gyrus+Cinguli
NeuroLex ID	birnlex_934

Sagittal MRI slice with highlighting indicating location of the cingulate cortex.

Coronal section of brain. Cingulate cortex is shown in yellow.

The cingulate cortex is a part of the brain situated in the medial aspect of the cortex. It includes the cortex of the cingulate gyrus, which lies immediately above the corpus callosum, and the continuation of this in the cingulate sulcus. The cingulate cortex is usually considered part of the limbic lobe.

It receives inputs from the thalamus and the neocortex, and projects to the entorhinal cortex via the cingulum. It is an integral part of the limbic system, which is involved with emotion formation and processing, learning, and memory. The combination of these three functions makes the cingulate gyrus highly influential in linking behavioral outcomes to motivation (e.g. a certain action induced a positive emotional response, which results in learning). This role makes the cingulate cortex highly important in disorders such as depression^{[citation needed]} and schizophrenia. It also plays a role in executive function and respiratory control.

History

Cingulum means belt in Latin. The name was likely chosen because this cortex, in great part, surrounds the corpus callosum. Cingulate is an adjective (cingularis or cingulatus).

The cingulate cortex is a part of the "grand lobe limbique" of Broca (1898) that consisted (in addition to the olfactory part, which is no more considered there today) of a superior cingulate part, supracallosal; and an inferior hippocampic part, infracallosal. The limbic lobe was separated from the remainder of the cortex by Broca for two reasons: first that it is not convoluted, and second that the gyri are directed parasagittally (contrary to the transverse gyrification). Since the parasagittal gyrification is observed in non-primate species, the limbic lobe was thus declared to be "bestial". As with other parts of the cortex, there have been and continue to be discrepancies concerning boundaries and naming. Brodmann (1909), a student of Cécile Vogt-Mugnier and Oskar Vogt, who worked on cercopithecus (and not much in human [Bailey and von Bonin]), elaborated a system of numeration that had unfortunately no typological logics (1, 2 and 3 are sensory, 4 is motor, 5 is parietal, 6 is premotor and 7 is again parietal!). Area 25 was even not placed by him in the same place in the human brain. Area 24 (anterior) was distinguished from 23 (posterior) on the basis that it was agranular. More recently, the typographical von Economo's system was adopted by Bailey and von Bonin. Simple typographical naming should be preferred, for evident heuristic purposes.

Brodmann areas of a medial section of the right hemisphere.

Subdivisions

Based on cerebral cytoarchitectonics it has been divided into the Brodmann areas 23, 24, 26, 29, 30, 31 and 32. The areas 26, 29 and 30 are usually referred to as the retrosplenial areas.

Micrograph showing spindle neurons of the cingulate cortex. HE-LFB stain.

Anterior cingulate cortex

Main article: Anterior cingulate cortex

This corresponds to areas 24, 32 and 33 of Brodmann and LA of Constantin von Economo and Bailey and von Bonin. It is continued anteriorly by the subgenual area (area 25, located below the genu of the corpus callosum). It is cytoarchitectonically agranular. It has a gyral and a sulcal part. Anterior cingulate cortex can further be divided in the perigenual anterior cingulate cortex (near the genu) and midcingulate cortex. The anterior cingulate cortex receives primarily its afferent axons from the intralaminar and midline thalamic nuclei (see thalamus). The nucleus anterior receives mamillo-thalamic afferences. The mamillary neurons receive axons from the subiculum. The whole forms a part of Papez' circuit. The anterior cingulate cortex sends axons to the anterior nucleus and through the cingulum to other Broca's limbic areas. The ACC is involved in error and conflict detection processes.

Posterior cingulate cortex

Main article: Posterior cingulate cortex

This corresponds to area 23 of Brodmann LP of von Economo and Bailey and von Bonin. Its cellular structure is granular. It is followed posteriorly by the retrosplenial cortex (area 29).^{[citation needed]} Dorsally is the granular area 31. The posterior cingulate cortex receives a great part of its afferent axons from the superficial nucleus (or nucleus superior- falsely LD-^{[citation needed]}) of the thalamus (see thalamus), which itself receives axons from the subiculum. To some extent it thus duplicates Papez' circuit. It receives also direct afferents from the subiculum of the hippocampus. Posterior cingulate cortex hypometabolism (with 18F-FDG PET) has been defined in Alzheimer's disease.

Inputs of the anterior cingulate gyrus

A retrograde tracing experiment on macaque monkeys revealed that ventral anterior (VA) and ventral lateral (VL) nuclei of the thalamus are connected with motor areas of cingulate sulcus (McFarland and Haber, 2000).Retrosplenial region (Brodmann’s area 26, 29 and 30) part of cingulate gyrus can be divided into three parts retrosplenial granular cortex A, the retrosplenial granular cortex B and the retrosplenial dysgranular cortex. The hippocampal formation sends dense projections to the retrosplenial granular cortex A and B and fewer projections to the retrosplenial dysgranular cortex. Postsubiculum sends projections to the retrosplenial granular cortex A and B and to the retrosplenial dysgranular cortex. Dorsal subiculum sends projections to the retrosplenial granular cortex B, while ventral subiculum sends projections to the retrosplenial granular cortex A. Entorhinal cortex – caudal parts – sends projections to the retrosplenial dysgranular cortex (Wyss & Groen, 1999).

Outputs of the anterior cingulate gyrus

Rostral cingulate gyrus (Brodmanns’s area 32) projects to rostral superior temporal gyrus, midorbitofrontal cortex and lateral prefrontal cortex (Pandya, Van Hoesen & Mesulam, 1981). Ventral anterior cingulate (Brodmann’s area 24) sends projections to the anterior insular cortex, premotor cortex (Brodmann’s area 6), Brodmann’s area 8, the perirhinal area, the orbitofrontal cortex (Brodmann’s area 12), the laterobasal nucleus of amygdala, and the rostral part of the inferior parietal lobule (Pandya, Van Hoesen & Mesulam, 1981). Injecting wheat germ agglutinin and horseradish peroxidase conjugate into anterior cingulate gyrus of cats, revealed that anterior cingulate gyrus has reciprocal connections with rostral part of the thalamic posterior lateral nucleus and rostral end of the pulvinar (Fujii, 1983). Postsubiculum receives projections from the retrospleinal dysgranular cortex and the retrosplenial granular cortex A and B. Parasubiculum receives projections from the retrosplenial dysgranular cortex and retrosplenial granular cortex A. Caudal and lateral parts of the entorhinal cortex get projections from the retrosplenial dysgranular cortex, while caudal medial entorhinal cortex receives projections from the retrosplenial granular cortex A. The retrosplenial dysgranular cortex sends projections to the perirhinal cortex. The retrospleinal granular cortex A sends projection to the rostral presubiculum (Wyss & Groen, 1999).

Outputs of the posterior cingulate gyrus

The posterior cingulate cortex (Brodmann’s area 23) sends projections to dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (Brodmann’s area 9), anterior prefrontal cortex (Brodmann’s area 10), orbitofrontal cortex (Brodmanns’ area 11), the parahippocampal gyrus, posterior part of the inferior parietal lobule, the presubiculum, the superior temporal sulcus and the retrosplenial region (Pandya, Van Hoesen & Mesulam, 1981). The retrosplenial cortex and caudal part of the cingulate cortex are connected with rostral prefrontal cortex via cingulate fascicule in macaque monkeys (Petrides and Pandya, 2007). Ventral posterior cingulate cortex was found to be reciprocally connected with the caudal part of the posterior parietal lobe in rhesus monkeys (Cavada and Goldman-Raiuc, 1989). Also the medial posterior parietal cortex is connected with posterior ventral bank of the cingulate sulcus (Cavada and Goldman-Raiuc, 1989).

Other connections

The anterior cingulate is connected to the posterior cingulate at least in rabbits. Posterior cingulate gyrus is connected with retrosplenial cortex and this connection is part of the dorsal splenium of the corpus callosum. The anterior and posterior cingulate gyrus and retrosplenial cortex send projections to subiculum and presubiculum (Adey, 1951).

Cingulate gyrus and schizophrenia

Using a three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging procedure to measure the volume of the rostral anterior cingulate gyrus (perigenual cingulate gyrus) Takahashi et al. (2003) found that the rostral anterior cingulate gyrus is larger in control – healthy – females than males, but this sex difference was not found in schizophrenic patients. Schizophrenic patients also had a smaller volume of perigenual cingulate gyrus than control subjects. Haznedar et al. (2004) studied metabolic rate of glucose in anterior and posterior cingulate gyrus in patients with schizophrenia, schizotypal personality disorder (SPD) and compared them with a control group. The metabolic rate of glucose was found to be lower in the left anterior cingulate gyrus and the right posterior cingulate gyrus in patients with schizophrenia relative to controls. Although SPD patients were expected to show a glucose metabolic rate somewhere between the schizophrenic and controls, they actually had higher metabolic glucose rate in the left posterior cingulate gyrus ( Haznedar et al, 2004). The volume of the left anterior cingulate gyrus was reduced in schizophrenic patients as compared with controls, but there was not any difference between SPD patients and schizophrenic patients. From these results it appears that the schizophrenia and SPD are two different disorders. A study of the volume of the gray and white matter in the anterior cingulate gyrus in patients with schizophrenia and their healthy first and second degree relatives revealed no significant difference in the volume of the white matter in the schizophrenic patients and their healthy relatives (Costain et al, 2010). Nonetheless a significant difference in the volume of gray matter was detected, schizophrenic patients had smaller volume of gray matter than their second degree relatives, but not relative to their first degree relatives. Both schizophrenic and their first degree healthy relatives have smaller gray matter volume than the second degree healthy relatives. It appears that genes are responsible for the decreased volume of gray matter in schizophrenic patients (Costain et al, 2010). Fujiwara et al. (2007) did an experiment in which they correlated the size of anterior cingulate gyrus in schizophrenic patients with their functioning on social cognition, psychopathology and emotions with control group. The smaller the size of anterior cingulate gyrus, the lower was the level of social functioning and the higher was the psychopathology in schizophrenic patient. The anterior cingulate gyrus was found to be bilaterally smaller in patients with schizophrenia as compared with control group. No difference in IQ tests and basic visuoperceptual ability with facial stimuli was found between schizophrenia patients and the control.

Summary

Schizophrenic patients have differences in the anterior cingulate gyrus when compared with controls. Anterior cingulate gyrus was found to be smaller in schizophrenic patients (Fujiwara et al, 2007). The volume of the white and gray matter in the anterior cingulate gyrus was found to be lower in schizophrenic patients (Haznedar et al, 2004). Healthy females have larger rostral anterior cingulate gyrus than males, this sex difference in size is absent in schizophrenic patients (Takahashi et al, 2003). Metabolic rate of glucose was lower in the left anterior cingulate gyrus and in the right posterior cingulate gyrus (Haznedar et al, 2004). In addition to changes in the cingulate cortex more brain structures show changes in schizophrenic patients as compared to controls. The hippocampus in schizophrenic patients was found to decrease in size when compared with controls of the same age group (Koolschijn et al, 2010) and, similarly, the caudate and putamen were found to decrease in volume in a longitudinal study of schizophrenic patients (Mitelman et al, 2009). While the volume of gray matter decreases, the size of the lateral and third ventricles increases in schizophrenic patients (Kempton et al, 2010).

See also

• Anterior cingulate cortex
• Cingulate sulcus

External links

• Four Regions of Cingulate Cortex and Disease Vulnerability, Brent A. Vogt.
• BrainMaps at UCDavis Cingulate

• Mapping 'self' and 'other' in the brain
• A nice picture of the cingulate cortex and its parts
• NIF Search - Cingulate Cortex via the Neuroscience Information Framework

References

Adey, W. R. (1951). An experimental study of the hippocampal connexions of thecingulate cortex in the rabbit. Brain (1951) 74(2): 233-24.

Cavada, C., Goldman-Raiuc, P. S. (1989). Posterior Parietal Cortex in Rhesus Monkey: I. Parcellation of Areas Based on Distinctive Limbic and Sensory Corticocortical Connections. The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 287:393-421.

Costain, G., Ho, A., Crawley, A. P., Mikulis, D. J., Brzustowicz, L. M., Chow, E. W. C., Bassett, A. S. (2010). Reduced gray matter in the anterior cingulate gyrus in familial schizophrenia: A preliminary report. Schizophrenia Research 122 (2010) 81–84.

Haznedar, M. M., Buchsbaum, M. S., Hazletta, E. A., Shihabuddina, L., Newa, A., Sievera, L. J. (2004). Cingulate gyrus volume and metabolism in the schizophrenia spectrum. Schizophrenia Research 71 (2004) 249– 262.

Fujiwara, H., Hirao, K., Namiki, C., Yamada, M., Shimizu, M., Fukuyama, H., Hayashi, T., Murai, T. (2007). Anterior cingulate pathology and social cognition in schizophrenia: A study of gray matter, white matter and sulcal morphometry. NeuroImage 36 (2007) 1236–1245.

Kempton M.J., Stahl D., Williams S.C., DeLisi L.E. (2010). Progressive lateral ventricular enlargement in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of longitudinal MRI studies. Schizophr Res. 2010 Jul;120(1-3):54-62. Epub 2010 May 26.

Koolschijn P.C., van Haren N.E., Cahn W., Schnack H.G., Janssen J., Klumpers F., Hulshoff Pol H.E., Kahn R.S. (2010). Hippocampal volume change in schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010 Jun;71(6):737-44. Epub 2010 Jan 12.

Masako, F. (1983). Fiber Connections Between the Thalamic Posterior Lateral Nucleus and the Cingulate Gyrus in the Cat. Neuroscience Letters, 39 (1983) 137-14.

McFarland, N. R., Harber, S. N. (2000). Convergent Inputs from Thalamic Motor Nuclei and Frontal Cortical Areas to the Dorsal Striatum in the Primate. The Journal of Neuroscience, May 15, 2000, 20(10):3798–3813.

Mitelman S.A., Canfield E.L., Chu K.W., Brickman A.M., Shihabuddin L., Hazlett E.A., Buchsbaum M.S. (2009). Poor outcome in chronic schizophrenia is associated with progressive loss of volume of the putamen. Schizophr Res. 2009 Sep;113(2-3):241-5. Epub 2009 Jul 18.

Pandya, D. N., Van Hoesen, G. W., Mesulam, M. M. (1981). Efferent Connections of the Cingulate Gyrus in the Rhesus Monkey. Experimental Brain Research (1981) 42:319-330.

Petrides, M., Pandya, D. N. (2007). Efferent Association Pathways from the Rostral Prefrontal Cortex in the Macaque Monkey. The Journal of Neuroscience, 27(43):11573–11586 • 11573.

Takahashi, T., Suzuki, M., Kawasaki, Y., Hagino, H., Yamashita, I., Nohara, S., Nakamura, K., Seto, H., Kurachi, M. (2003). Perigenual Cingulate Gyrus Volume in Patients with Schizophrenia: A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study. Biological Psychiatry 2003;53:593–600.

Wyss, J. M., Van Groen, T. (1992). Connections Between the Retrosplenial Cortex and the Hippocampal Formation in the Rat: A Review. Hippocampus, vol. 2, no. 1, pages 1–12, January 1992.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

• 1. 脳血管性認知症の病因、臨床症状、および診断 etiology clinical manifestations and diagnosis of vascular dementia
• 2. 失語症患者へのアプローチ approach to the patient with aphasia
• 3. 痙攣発作およびてんかんの病態生理 pathophysiology of seizures and epilepsy
• 4. 前頭側頭型認知症：疫学、病理学、および病因 frontotemporal dementia epidemiology pathology and pathogenesis
• 5. 成人における単極性うつ病：外科的アプローチによる治療 unipolar depression in adults treatment with surgical approaches

English Journal

• The cingulo-opercular network provides word-recognition benefit.

• Vaden KI Jr, Kuchinsky SE, Cute SL, Ahlstrom JB, Dubno JR, Eckert MA.Author information Hearing Research Program, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425.AbstractRecognizing speech in difficult listening conditions requires considerable focus of attention that is often demonstrated by elevated activity in putative attention systems, including the cingulo-opercular network. We tested the prediction that elevated cingulo-opercular activity provides word-recognition benefit on a subsequent trial. Eighteen healthy, normal-hearing adults (10 females; aged 20-38 years) performed word recognition (120 trials) in multi-talker babble at +3 and +10 dB signal-to-noise ratios during a sparse sampling functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment. Blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) contrast was elevated in the anterior cingulate cortex, anterior insula, and frontal operculum in response to poorer speech intelligibility and response errors. These brain regions exhibited significantly greater correlated activity during word recognition compared with rest, supporting the premise that word-recognition demands increased the coherence of cingulo-opercular network activity. Consistent with an adaptive control network explanation, general linear mixed model analyses demonstrated that increased magnitude and extent of cingulo-opercular network activity was significantly associated with correct word recognition on subsequent trials. These results indicate that elevated cingulo-opercular network activity is not simply a reflection of poor performance or error but also supports word recognition in difficult listening conditions.
• The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.J Neurosci.2013 Nov 27;33(48):18979-86. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1417-13.2013.
• Recognizing speech in difficult listening conditions requires considerable focus of attention that is often demonstrated by elevated activity in putative attention systems, including the cingulo-opercular network. We tested the prediction that elevated cingulo-opercular activity provides word-recogn
• PMID 24285902

• Sleep deprivation increases dorsal nexus connectivity to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in humans.

• Bosch OG, Rihm JS, Scheidegger M, Landolt HP, Stämpfli P, Brakowski J, Esposito F, Rasch B, Seifritz E.Author information Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland.AbstractIn many patients with major depressive disorder, sleep deprivation, or wake therapy, induces an immediate but often transient antidepressant response. It is known from brain imaging studies that changes in anterior cingulate and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activity correlate with a relief of depression symptoms. Recently, resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging revealed that brain network connectivity via the dorsal nexus (DN), a cortical area in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, is dramatically increased in depressed patients. To investigate whether an alteration in DN connectivity could provide a biomarker of therapy response and to determine brain mechanisms of action underlying sleep deprivations antidepressant effects, we examined its influence on resting state default mode network and DN connectivity in healthy humans. Our findings show that sleep deprivation reduced functional connectivity between posterior cingulate cortex and bilateral anterior cingulate cortex (Brodmann area 32), and enhanced connectivity between DN and distinct areas in right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (Brodmann area 10). These findings are consistent with resolution of dysfunctional brain network connectivity changes observed in depression and suggest changes in prefrontal connectivity with the DN as a brain mechanism of antidepressant therapy action.
• Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.2013 Nov 26;110(48):19597-602. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1317010110. Epub 2013 Nov 11.
• In many patients with major depressive disorder, sleep deprivation, or wake therapy, induces an immediate but often transient antidepressant response. It is known from brain imaging studies that changes in anterior cingulate and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activity correlate with a relief of depr
• PMID 24218598

• Neural substrates of treatment response to cognitive-behavioral therapy in panic disorder with agoraphobia.

• Lueken U, Straube B, Konrad C, Wittchen HU, Ströhle A, Wittmann A, Pfleiderer B, Uhlmann C, Arolt V, Jansen A, Kircher T.AbstractOBJECTIVE: Although exposure-based cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is an effective treatment option for panic disorder with agoraphobia, the neural substrates of treatment response remain unknown. Evidence suggests that panic disorder with agoraphobia is characterized by dysfunctional safety signal processing. Using fear conditioning as a neurofunctional probe, the authors investigated neural baseline characteristics and neuroplastic changes after CBT that were associated with treatment outcome in patients with panic disorder with agoraphobia.
• The American journal of psychiatry.Am J Psychiatry.2013 Nov 1;170(11):1345-55. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12111484.
• OBJECTIVE: Although exposure-based cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is an effective treatment option for panic disorder with agoraphobia, the neural substrates of treatment response remain unknown. Evidence suggests that panic disorder with agoraphobia is characterized by dysfunctional safety sign
• PMID 23982225

Japanese Journal

• 経穴刺激に伴う脳賦活動態の観察 : functional MRIを用いて(<特集>Human PSI Forum "Human Potential Science" Internationl Forum「潜在能力の科学」国際フォーラム : 物理・生理学的アプローチ Joint with 「こころと体の不思議」国際フォーラム 第14回生命情報科学シンポジウム(国際版) 2002年8月22〜27日(木〜火) 於 : 千葉市 幕張新都心 OVTA(オブタ))

• 上田 至宏,林 功栄,黒岩 共一,樫葉 均,町 好雄,田辺 宏樹
• Journal of International Society of Life Information Science 20(2), 480-490, 2002-09
• 鍼灸治療は、刺激部位(経穴)と刺激内容(補瀉、得気等)を主観的に操作し治療を行う感覚刺激療法であると言われている。また近年、鍼灸作用機序における中枢神経の関与が指摘されてきている。これらの考えが正しければ、刺激部位・刺激内容の違い(感覚刺激差)により中枢神経の反応にも違いが生ずるはずである。そこで、(1)刺激部位の違い(手と足、右と左)、(2)刺激内容の違い(痛覚、非得気、得気)等により脳活動にど …
• NAID 110001080255

• The growth-associated protein GAP-43 is increased in the hippocampus and in the gyrus cinguli in schizophrenia

• BLENNOW K.
• J. Mol. Neurosci. 13, 101-109, 1999
• NAID 30009294933

• センザンコウ大脳溝および大脳回についての比較解剖学的研究

• 石本 喜秀,田辺 和男,梅谷 健彦
• 神戸大学医学部紀要 42(3), 705-714, 1981-10
• … Sulcus splenialis (Sulcus cinguli), 8. … Gyrus lateralis, 2. … Gyrus supra-Sylvii, 3. … Gyrus Sylvii,4. … Gyrus supra-splenialis, 5. … Gyrus cinguli, 6. … Gyrus para-splenialis, 7. … Gyrus subcallosus, 8. … Gyrus parolfactorius, 9. …
• NAID 110006276680

Related Links

• gyrus cinguli - definition of gyrus cinguli by Medical dictionary

gyrus /gy·rus/ (ji´rus) pl. gy´ri [L.] cerebral g. angular gyrus one arching over the superior temporal sulcus, continuous with the middle temporal gyrus. gy´ri bre´ves in´sulae the short, rostrally placed gyri on the surface of the insula. ...

• gyrus cinguli - definition of gyrus cinguli by The Free Dictionary

Thesaurus Legend: Synonyms Related Words Antonyms Noun 1. gyrus cinguli - a long curved structure on the medial surface of the cerebral hemispheres; the cortical part of the limbic system cingulate gyrus neural structure - a ...

Related Pictures

---

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元

「帯状回」

「帯状回」

　　[★]

英

cingulate gyrus

ラ

gyrus cinguli

関

大脳溝、ペーペズ回路、帯状束

• 脳梁を取り囲む長い脳回