WordNet

United States botanist who specialized in North American flora and who was an early supporter of Darwins theories of evolution (1810-1888) (同)Asa Gray
English radiobiologist in whose honor the gray (the SI unit of energy for the absorbed dose of radiation) was named (1905-1965) (同)Louis Harold Gray
American navigator who twice circumnavigated the globe and who discovered the Columbia River (1755-1806) (同)Robert Gray
English poet best known for his elegy written in a country churchyard (1716-1771) (同)Thomas Gray
the SI unit of energy absorbed from ionizing radiation; equal to the absorption of one joule of radiation energy by one kilogram of matter; one gray equals 100 rad (同)Gy
a neutral achromatic color midway between white and black (同)grayness, grey, greyness
a pattern of symptoms indicative of some disease
a complex of concurrent things; "every word has a syndrome of meanings"

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(疾患の徴候となる一群の)症徴候,症候群 / (事件・社会的状態などのパターンを示す)徴候形態

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/05/11 20:05:01」(JST)

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Gray baby syndrome (also termed Gray or Grey syndrome) is a rare but serious side effect that occurs in newborn infants (especially premature babies) following the intravenous administration of the antimicrobial chloramphenicol.^[1]

Pathophysiology

Two pathophysiologic mechanisms are thought to play a role in the development of gray baby syndrome after exposure to the anti-microbial drug chloramphenicol. This condition is due to a lack of glucuronidation reactions occurring in the baby, thus leading to an accumulation of toxic chloramphenicol metabolites. :^[2]

The UDP-glucuronyl transferase enzyme system of infants, especially premature infants, is immature and incapable of metabolizing the excessive drug load.
Insufficient renal excretion of the unconjugated drug.

Clinical features

Toxic levels of chloramphenicol after 2–9 days result in:

Vomiting
Ashen gray color of the skin
Limp body tone
Hypotension (low blood pressure)
Cyanosis blue discolouration of lips and skin.
Hypothermia
Cardiovascular collapse

Treatment

Chloramphenicol therapy is discontinued immediately; exchange transfusion may be required to remove the drug. Sometimes, phenobarbital (UGT induction) is used.

Prevention

The condition can be prevented by using chloramphenicol at the recommended doses and monitoring blood levels,^[3]^[4]^[5] or alternatively, third generation cephalosporins can be effectively substituted for the drug, without the associated toxicity.^[6]

References

^ McIntyre J, Choonara I (2004). "Drug toxicity in the neonate.". Biol Neonate 86 (4): 218–21. doi:10.1159/000079656. PMID 15249753.
^ Brunton, Laurence L. (Ed.) (2006). "Chapter 46. Protein Synthesis Inhibitors and Miscellaneous Antibacterial Agents". Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (11th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-142280-3.
^ Feder H (1986). "Chloramphenicol: what we have learned in the last decade.". South Med J 79 (9): 1129–34. doi:10.1097/00007611-198609000-00022. PMID 3529436.
^ Mulhall A, de Louvois J, Hurley R (1 January 1983). "Chloramphenicol toxicity in neonates: its incidence and prevention". British medical journal (Clinical research ed.) 287 (6403): 1424–7. doi:10.1136/bmj.287.6403.1424. PMC 1549666. PMID 6416440.
^ Forster J, Hufschmidt C, Niederhoff H, Künzer W (1985). "[Need for the determination of chloramphenicol levels in the treatment of bacterial-purulent meningitis with chloramphenicol succinate in infants and small children]". Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 133 (4): 209–13. PMID 4000136.
^ Aggarwal, R; Sarkar, N; Deorari, AK; Paul, VK (Dec 2001). "Sepsis in the newborn". Indian journal of pediatrics 68 (12): 1143–1147. doi:10.1007/BF02722932. PMID 11838570. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)

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English Journal

Remodelling of supraspinal neuroglial network in neuropathic pain is featured by a reactive gliosis of the nociceptive amygdala.

Marcello L, Cavaliere C, Colangelo AM, Bianco MR, Cirillo G, Alberghina L, Papa M.SourceLaboratory of Morphology of Neural Networks, Department of Medicina Pubblica Clinica e Preventiva, Second University of Napoli, Italy.
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BACKGROUND: Many brain areas participate to supraspinal control of nociception. In these regions, few studies have investigated the role of glial cells in supraspinal plasticity and the effect of 7-day intrathecal nerve growth factor-like (BB14®, Blueprint Biotech, Milano, Italy) treatment.METHODS:
PMID 23193101

Validation of parametric methods for [¹¹C]PE2I positron emission tomography.

Jonasson M, Appel L, Engman J, Frick A, Nyholm D, Askmark H, Danfors T, Sörensen J, Furmark T, Lubberink M.SourceNuclear Medicine & PET, Uppsala University, 751 81 Uppsala, Sweden. my.jonasson@radiol.uu.se
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PMID 23435214

Japanese Journal

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名和寛文,渡邉恒夫,福岡大輔,寺林伸夫,原武史,藤田広志
電子情報通信学会技術研究報告. MI, 医用画像 111(389), 311-314, 2012-01-12
運動器の障害による要介護の状態や,要介護リスクの高い状態を表す「ロコモティブシンドローム」が提唱されている.ロコモティブシンドロームを評価する方法として,腓腹筋を撮影した超音波画像を解析し,羽状角などを評価する方法が注目されている.本研究では,超音波装置で撮影した腓腹筋の筋繊維の角度の自動測定法を提案する.まず、Bモードで撮影した腓腹筋の超音波画像から手動で筋繊維領域を設定し,つぎに,筋繊維領域か …
NAID 110009481659

A semi-quantitative evaluation of substantia nigra hyperechogenicity in Parkinson's disease and Parkinsonian syndrome using the Gray Scale Median ultrasound analysis

沼尾文香,鈴木圭輔,竹川英宏,宮本雅之,宮本智之,岩波正興,高田悦雄,平田幸一
Neurosonology:神経超音波医学 25(1), 7-12, 2012
… We used a semi-quantitative evaluation method, the Gray Scale Median, to quantify echogenic changes.Subjects: Hospitalized patients with PD (n = 7) or Parkinsonian syndrome (PS) (n = 7) and in-hospital control subjects (n = 6) were included. … Next, echogenic signals in the SN and dorsal midbrain (DM) were converted into gray scale using Photoshop software (Adobe Systems Inc., Tokyo, Japan) and the median gray scale values of the SN and DM were obtained using a histogram. …
NAID 130003316535