グリシン受容体、グリシンレセプター

WordNet

a cellular structure that is postulated to exist in order to mediate between a chemical agent that acts on nervous tissue and the physiological response
the simplest amino acid found in proteins and the principal amino acid in sugar cane
genus of Asiatic erect or sprawling herbs: soya bean (同)genus Glycine

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=sense organ / 受信装置

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/03/30 19:07:59」(JST)

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Glycine

The glycine receptor, or GlyR, is the receptor for the amino acid neurotransmitter glycine. GlyR is an ionotropic receptor that produces its effects through chloride current. It is one of the most widely distributed inhibitory receptors in the central nervous system and has important roles in a variety of physiological processes, especially in mediating inhibitory neurotransmission in the spinal cord and brainstem.^[1]

The receptor can be activated by a range of simple amino acids including glycine, β-alanine and taurine, and can be selectively blocked by the high-affinity competitive antagonist strychnine.^[2] Caffeine is a competitive antagonist of GlyR.^[3]

Gephyrin has been shown to be necessary for GlyR clustering at inhibitory synapses.^[4]^[5] GlyR is known to colocalize with the GABA_A receptor on some hippocampal neurons.^[4] Nevertheless, some exceptions can occur in the central nervous system where the GlyR α1 subunit and gephyrin, its anchoring protein, are not found in dorsal root ganglion neurons despite the presence of GABA_A receptors. ^[6]

Arrangement of subunits

Strychnine-sensitive GlyRs are members of a family of ligand-gated ion channels. Receptors of this family are arranged as five subunits surrounding a central pore, with each subunit composed of four α helical transmembrane segments.^[7] There are presently four known isoforms of the α-subunit (α_1-4) of GlyR that are essential to bind ligands (GLRA1, GLRA2, GLRA3, GLRA4) and a single β-subunit (GLRB).

The adult form of the GlyR is the heteromeric α₁β receptor, which is believed to have a stoichiometry (proportion) of three α₁ subunits and two β subunits ^[8] or four α₁ subunits and one β subunit.^[9] The α-subunits are also able to form functional homo-pentameric receptors in heterologous expression systems in African clawed frog's oocytes or mammalian cell lines,^[9] and the α₁ homomeric receptor is essential for studies of channel pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.^[10]

Glycine receptors in diseases

Disruption of GlyR surface expression or reduced ability of expressed GlyRs to conduct chloride ions results in the rare neurological disorder, hyperekplexia. The disorder is characterized by an exaggerated response to unexpected stimuli which is followed by a temporary but complete muscular rigidity often resulting in an unprotected fall. Chronic injuries as a result of the falls are symptomatic of the disorder.^[1] A mutation in GLRA1 is responsible for some cases of stiff person syndrome.^[11]

Ligands

Agonists

β-Alanine
D-Alanine
D-Serine
Glycine
Hypotaurine
L-Alanine
L-Proline
L-Serine
Milacemide
Quisqualamine
Sarcosine
Taurine

PAMs

Ethanol

Antagonists

Bicuculline
Brucine
Caffeine
Picrotoxin
Strychnine
Tutin

References

^ ^a ^b Lynch JW (October 2004). "Molecular structure and function of the glycine receptor chloride channel". Physiological reviews 84 (4): 1051–95. doi:10.1152/physrev.00042.2003. PMID 15383648.
^ Rajendra, S; Lynch JW; Schofield PR (1997). "The glycine receptor". Pharmacology and Therapeutics 73 (2): 121–146. doi:10.1016/S0163-7258(96)00163-5. PMID 9131721.
^ Duan, L; Yang, J; Slaughter, MM (2009). "Caffeine inhibition of ionotropic glycine receptors". J Physiol 587 (16): 4063–75. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2009.174797. PMC 2756438. PMID 19564396.
^ ^a ^b Levi, S.; Logan, S. M.; Tovar, K. R.; Craig, A. M. (2004). "Gephyrin is Critical for Glycine Receptor Clustering but Not for the Formation of Functional GABAergic Synapses in Hippocampal Neurons". Journal of Neuroscience 24 (1): 207–217. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1661-03.2004. PMID 14715953.
^ Feng G, Tintrup H, Kirsch J, et al. (November 1998). "Dual requirement for gephyrin in glycine receptor clustering and molybdoenzyme activity". Science 282 (5392): 1321–4. Bibcode:1998Sci...282.1321F. doi:10.1126/science.282.5392.1321. PMID 9812897.
^ Lorenzo LE, Godin AG, Wang F, St-Louis M, Carbonetto S, Wiseman PW, Ribeiro-da-Silva A, De Koninck Y (June 2014). "Gephyrin Clusters Are Absent from Small Diameter Primary Afferent Terminals Despite the Presence of GABA_A Receptors". J. Neurosci. 34 (24): 8300–17. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0159-14.2014. PMID 24920633.
^ Miyazawa, A; Fujiyoshi Y; Unwin N (2003). "Structure and gating mechanism of the acetylcholine receptor pore". Nature 423 (6943): 949–955. Bibcode:2003Natur.423..949M. doi:10.1038/nature01748. PMID 12827192.
^ Kuhse, J; Laube B; Magalei D; Betz H (1993). "Assembly of the inhibitory glycine receptor: identification of amino acid sequence motifs governing subunit stoichiometry". Neuron 11 (6): 1049–1056. doi:10.1016/0896-6273(93)90218-G. PMID 8274276.
^ ^a ^b Kuhse, J; Betz H; Kirsch J (1995). "The inhibitory glycine receptor: architecture, synaptic localization and molecular pathology of a postsynaptic ion-channel complex". Current Opinion in Neurobiology 5 (3): 318–323. doi:10.1016/0959-4388(95)80044-1. PMID 7580154.
^ Lewis, TM; Schofield PR; McClellan AM (2003). "Kinetic determinants of agonist action at the recombinant human glycine receptor". Journal of Physiology 549 (Part 2): 361–374. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2002.037796. PMC 2342959. PMID 12679369. Retrieved 2007-01-16.
^ Online 'Mendelian Inheritance in Man' (OMIM) STIFF-PERSON SYNDROME; SPS -184850

External links

Glycine Receptors at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

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