Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/12/13 09:51:21」(JST)

wiki en

Look up genotoxicity in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

In genetics, genotoxicity describes a deleterious action on a cell's genetic material affecting its integrity. This includes both certain chemical compounds and certain types of radiation. Genotoxic substances are all those with affinity to interact with DNA - which is not proof of their dangerousness to humans, but does render them potentially mutagenic or carcinogenic.

Typical genotoxins like aromatic amines are believed to cause mutations because they are nucleophilic and form strong covalent bonds with DNA resulting with the formation of aromatic amine-DNA adducts, preventing accurate replication.

Genotoxins affecting sperm and eggs can pass genetic changes down to descendants who have never been exposed to the genotoxin.

The term "genotoxic" started being more commonly used after the publication by Lars Ehrenberg et al., in 1973, of "The relation of cancer induction and genetic damage. In: Evaluation of Genetic Risks of Environmental Chemicals. Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences" - on the relation between genetic damage and cancer.

References

Bal, Wojciech; Protas, Anna Maria; Kasprzak, Kazimierz S. (2011). "Chapter 13. Genotoxicity of metal ions: chemical insights". Metal ions in toxicology: effects, interactions, interdependencies. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. 8. RSC Publishing. pp. 319–373. doi:10.1039/9781849732116-00319.
Environ Health Perspect 104(Suppl 6):1219-1225 (1996) - The Mechanism of Benzene-induced Leukemia: A Hypothesis and Speculations on the Causes of Leukemia

This biology article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

This genetics article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. アポトーシスと自己免疫疾患 apoptosis and autoimmune disease
2. バレット食道：病因および癌化 barretts esophagus pathogenesis and malignant transformation
3. 慢性骨髄性白血病の細胞生物学および分子生物学 cellular and molecular biology of chronic myeloid leukemia
4. 胃癌の危険因子 risk factors for gastric cancer
5. 受動喫煙曝露：成人における影響 secondhand smoke exposure effects in adults

English Journal

Co-assessment of cell cycle and micronucleus frequencies demonstrates the influence of serum on the in vitro genotoxic response to amorphous monodisperse silica nanoparticles of varying sizes.

Gonzalez L1, Lukamowicz-Rajska M, Thomassen LC, Kirschhock CE, Leyns L, Lison D, Martens JA, Elhajouji A, Kirsch-Volders M.Author information 1Laboratory for Cell Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussels , Belgium.AbstractSerum proteins have been shown to modulate the cytotoxic and genotoxic responses to nanomaterials. The aim was to investigate the influence of serum on the induction of micronuclei (MN) by nanoparticles (NPs) of different sizes. Therefore, A549 human lung carcinoma cells and amorphous monodisperse silica nanoparticles (SNPs) were used as models. Assessment of the cell viability, cell cycle changes and induction of MN by SNPs ranging from 12 to 174 nm was performed in presence or absence of serum, applying the in vitro flow cytometry-based MN assay. Here, it has been demonstrated that serum has an influence on these end points, with a lower cell viability in absence of serum compared with the presence of serum. Further, cell cycle changes, specifically, G1 and S-phase arrest, were observed in absence of serum for four out of six SNPs tested. A size-dependent MN induction was observed: larger SNPs being more active in absence of serum. In addition, the serum influence was characterised by a size-dependency for cytotoxic and genotoxic effects, with a higher influence of serum for smaller particles. The data indicate that the in vitro micronucleus assay in presence and absence of serum could be advised for hazard assessment because it demonstrates a higher sensitivity in serum-free conditions than in conditions with serum. However, this recommendation applies only if the cell line used is able to proliferate under serum-free conditions because cell division is a prerequisite for MN expression.
Nanotoxicology.Nanotoxicology.2014 Dec;8(8):876-84. doi: 10.3109/17435390.2013.842266.
Serum proteins have been shown to modulate the cytotoxic and genotoxic responses to nanomaterials. The aim was to investigate the influence of serum on the induction of micronuclei (MN) by nanoparticles (NPs) of different sizes. Therefore, A549 human lung carcinoma cells and amorphous monodisperse s
PMID 24040841

Influence of the type of vegetable oil on the drug release profile from lipid-core nanocapsules and in vivo genotoxicity study.

Rigo LA1, Frescura V, Fiel L, Coradini K, Ourique AF, Emanuelli T, Quatrin A, Tedesco S, Silva CB, Guterres SS, Pohlmann AR, Beck RC.Author information 1Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria , Brazil .AbstractThe use of rice bran (RB), soybean (SB) or sunflower seed (SF) oils to prepare lipid-core nanocapsules (LNCs) as controlled drug delivery systems was investigated. LNCs were prepared by interfacial deposition using the preformed polymer method. All formulations showed negative zeta potential and adequate nanotechnological characteristics (particle size 220-230 nm, polydispersity index < 0.20). The environmental safety was evaluated through an in vivo protocol (Allium cepa test) and LNCs containing RB, SB or SF oils did not present genotoxic potential. Clobetasol propionate (CP) was selected as a model drug to evaluate the influence of the type of vegetable oil on the control of the drug release from LNCs. Biphasic drug release profiles were observed for all formulations. After 168 h, the concentration of drug released from the formulation containing SF oil was lower (0.36 mg/mL) than from formulations containing SB (0.40 mg/mL) or RB oil (0.45 mg/mL). Good correlations between the consistency indices for the LNC cores and the burst and sustained drug release rate constants were obtained. Therefore, the type of the vegetal oil was shown as an important factor governing the control of drug release from LNCs.
Pharmaceutical development and technology.Pharm Dev Technol.2014 Nov;19(7):789-98. doi: 10.3109/10837450.2013.829097. Epub 2013 Aug 27.
The use of rice bran (RB), soybean (SB) or sunflower seed (SF) oils to prepare lipid-core nanocapsules (LNCs) as controlled drug delivery systems was investigated. LNCs were prepared by interfacial deposition using the preformed polymer method. All formulations showed negative zeta potential and ade
PMID 23978050

Gold-nanobeacons for gene therapy: evaluation of genotoxicity, cell toxicity and proteome profiling analysis.

Conde J1, Larguinho M, Cordeiro A, Raposo LR, Costa PM, Santos S, Diniz MS, Fernandes AR, Baptista PV.Author information 1CIGMH, DCV, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa , Caparica , Portugal.AbstractAntisense therapy is a powerful tool for post-transcriptional gene silencing suitable for down-regulating target genes associated to disease. Gold nanoparticles have been described as effective intracellular delivery vehicles for antisense oligonucleotides providing increased protection against nucleases and targeting capability via simple surface modification. We constructed an antisense gold-nanobeacon consisting of a stem-looped oligonucleotide double-labelled with 3'-Cy3 and 5'-Thiol-C6 and tested for the effective blocking of gene expression in colorectal cancer cells. Due to the beacon conformation, gene silencing was directly detected as fluorescence increases with hybridisation to target, which can be used to assess the level of silencing. Moreover, this system was extensively evaluated for the genotoxic, cytotoxic and proteomic effects of gold-nanobeacon exposure to cancer cells. The exposure was evaluated by two-dimensional protein electrophoresis followed by mass spectrometry to perform a proteomic profile and 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-Yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT) assay, glutathione-S-transferase assay, micronucleus test and comet assay to assess the genotoxicity. This integrated toxicology evaluation showed that the proposed nanotheranostics strategy does not exhibit significant toxicity, which is extremely relevant when translating into in vivo systems.
Nanotoxicology.Nanotoxicology.2014 Aug;8(5):521-32. doi: 10.3109/17435390.2013.802821. Epub 2013 May 28.
Antisense therapy is a powerful tool for post-transcriptional gene silencing suitable for down-regulating target genes associated to disease. Gold nanoparticles have been described as effective intracellular delivery vehicles for antisense oligonucleotides providing increased protection against nucl
PMID 23642008

Japanese Journal

Sensitive Quantitation of Residual Phenylhydrazine in Antipyrine by LC-ICP-MS with Iodo Derivatization

HARIGAYA Koki,YAMADA Hiroyuki,HORIMOTO Shingo [他]
Analytical Sciences 30(8), 845-850, 2014-08
NAID 40020149607

Time-course Comparison of Gene Expression Profiles Induced by the Genotoxic Hepatocarcinogen, Chrysene, in the Mouse Liver

Sakurai Mikiya,Watanabe Takashi,Suzuki Takayoshi [他]
Genes and environment : the official journal of the Japanese Environmental Mutagen Society 36(2), 54-64, 2014-05
NAID 40020073381

Development and Validation of a Sensitive GC-MS Method for the Determination of Alkylating Agent, 4-Chloro-1-butanol, in Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients