気体レーザ、ガスレーザ

WordNet

attack with gas; subject to gas fumes; "The despot gassed the rebellious tribes"
the state of matter distinguished from the solid and liquid states by: relatively low density and viscosity; relatively great expansion and contraction with changes in pressure and temperature; the ability to diffuse readily; and the spontaneous tendency to become distributed uniformly throughout any container (同)gaseous state
a fluid in the gaseous state having neither independent shape nor volume and being able to expand indefinitely
an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation; an optical device that produces an intense monochromatic beam of coherent light (同)optical maser
a unit of force equal to the force exerted by gravity; used to indicate the force to which a body is subjected when it is accelerated (同)gee, g-force

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉〈C〉『気体』,『ガス』 / 〈U〉(灯用・燃料用)ガス / 〈U〉《米話》=gasoline / 〈U〉(麻酔用の)亜酸化窒素,笑気(laughing gas);毒ガス(mustard gas, tear gasなど) / 〈U〉《話》むだ話,ばか話 / 〈C〉《単数形で》とても楽しいこと / 〈敵など〉‘を'毒ガスで攻撃する / 《米話》〈車〉‘に'ガソリンを入れる《+『up』+『名,』+『名』+『up』》 / 長々とむだ話をする
レーザー(強力な可視光線を発生させる;医療,通信,軍事用)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/08/21 20:05:09」(JST)

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A gas laser is a laser in which an electric current is discharged through a gas to produce coherent light. The gas laser was the first continuous-light laser and the first laser to operate on the principle of converting electrical energy to a laser light output. The first gas laser, the Helium–neon laser (HeNe), was co-invented by Iranian physicist Ali Javan and American physicist William R. Bennett, Jr. in 1960. It produced a coherent light beam in the infrared region of the spectrum at 1.15 micrometres.^{[citation needed]}

Types of gas laser[edit source | edit]

Gas lasers using many gases have been built and used for many purposes.

The Helium–neon or HeNe laser can be made to oscillate at over 160 different wavelengths by adjusting the cavity Q to peak at the desired wavelength. This can be done by adjusting the spectral response of the mirrors or by using a dispersive element (Littrow prism) in the cavity. Units operating at 633 nm are very common in schools and laboratories because of their low cost and near perfect beam qualities.

Carbon dioxide, or CO₂ lasers can emit hundreds of kilowatts^[1] at 9.6 µm and 10.6 µm, and are often used in industry for cutting and welding. The efficiency of a CO₂ laser is over 10%.

Carbon monoxide or "CO" lasers have the potential for very large outputs, but the use of this type of laser is limited by the extreme toxicity of carbon monoxide gas. Human operators must be protected from this deadly gas and it is extremely corrosive to many materials included seals, gaskets, etc. Thus extreme care must be used when constructing and using CO lasers.

Argon-ion lasers emit light in the range 351–528.7 nm. Depending on the optics and the laser tube a different number of lines is usable but the most commonly used lines are 458 nm, 488 nm and 514.5 nm.

A nitrogen transverse electrical discharge in gas at atmospheric pressure (TEA) laser is an inexpensive gas laser producing UV light at 337.1 nm.^[2]

Copper laser (copper vapor, and copper bromide vapor), with two spectral lines of green (510.6 nm) and yellow (578.2 nm), is the most powerful laser with the highest efficiency in the visible spectrum.^[3]

Metal ion lasers are gas lasers that typically generate ultraviolet wavelengths. Helium-Silver (HeAg) 224 nm Neon-Copper (NeCu) 248 nm and Helium-Cadmium (HeCd) 325 nm are three examples. These lasers have particularly narrow oscillation linewidths of less than 3 GHz (0.5 picometers),^[4] making them candidates for use in fluorescence suppressed Raman spectroscopy.

Nitrogen laser
Ion laser
Gas dynamic laser

Chemical lasers[edit source | edit]

Chemical lasers are powered by a chemical reaction, and can achieve high powers in continuous operation. For example, in the Hydrogen fluoride laser (2700–2900 nm) and the Deuterium fluoride laser (3800 nm) the reaction is the combination of hydrogen or deuterium gas with combustion products of ethylene in nitrogen trifluoride. They were invented by George C. Pimentel.

Excimer lasers[edit source | edit]

Excimer lasers are powered by a chemical reaction involving an excited dimer, or excimer, which is a short-lived dimeric or heterodimeric molecule formed from two species (atoms), at least one of which is in an excited electronic state. They typically produce ultraviolet light, and are used in semiconductor photolithography and in LASIK eye surgery. Commonly used excimer molecules include F₂ (fluorine, emitting at 157 nm), and noble gas compounds (ArF [193 nm], KrCl [222 nm], KrF [248 nm], XeCl [308 nm], and XeF [351 nm]).^[5]

Advantages[edit source | edit]

High volume of active material
Active material is relatively inexpensive
Almost impossible to damage the active material
Heat can be removed quickly from the cavity

Applications[edit source | edit]

He-Ne laser is mainly used in making holograms.
In laser printing He-Ne laser is used as a source for writing on the photosensitive material.
He-Ne lasers were used in reading the Bar Code which is imprinted on the product. They have been largely replaced by laser diodes.
Nitrogen lasers and excimer laser are used in pulsed dye laser pumping.^[6]
Ion lasers, mostly argon, are used in CW dye laser pumping.^[6]

References[edit source | edit]

^ "Air Force Research Lab's high power CO₂ laser". Defense Tech Briefs.
^ Csele, Mark (2004). "The TEA Nitrogen Gas Laser". Homebuilt Lasers Page. Archived from the original on 2007-09-11. Retrieved 2007-09-15.
^ Endo, Walter, Gas Lasers, pp. 451
^ "Deep UV Lasers" (PDF). Photon Systems, Covina, Calif. Retrieved 2007-05-27.
^ Schuocker, D. (1998). Handbook of the Eurolaser Academy. Springer. ISBN 0-412-81910-4.
^ ^a ^b Duarte, F. J. (2003). Tunable Laser Optics. Elsevier Academic. ISBN 0-12-222696-8.

Yariv, Amnon (1989). Quantum Electronics (3rd Edition ed.). Wiley. ISBN 0-471-60997-8.
http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=r2pmAAAAEBAJ&dq=3,149,290 Patent #3,149,290

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UpToDate Contents

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1. 医療用レーザーの基本原則 basic principles of medical lasers
2. 肌の若返りのためのレーザーによる皮膚の再生 ablative laser resurfacing for skin rejuvenation
3. 下肢毛細血管拡張症、網状脈および小静脈瘤のレーザーおよび光線療法 laser and light therapy of lower extremity telangiectasias reticular veins and small varicose veins
4. レーザー砕石術 laser lithotripsy
5. 気管支鏡下レーザー切除 bronchoscopic laser resection

English Journal

Mass Spectrometric Imaging Using Laser Ablation and Solvent Capture by Aspiration (LASCA).

Brauer JI1, Beech IB, Sunner J.
Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry.J Am Soc Mass Spectrom.2015 Sep;26(9):1538-47. doi: 10.1007/s13361-015-1176-0. Epub 2015 Jun 30.
A novel interface for ambient, laser ablation-based mass spectrometric imaging (MSI) referred to as laser ablation and solvent capture by aspiration (LASCA) is presented and its performance demonstrated using selected, unaltered biological materials. LASCA employs a pulsed 2.94 μm laser beam for sp
PMID 26122514

Isolation, structural characterization and neurotrophic activity of a polysaccharide from Phellinus ribis.

Liu Y1, Liu C2, Jiang H3, Zhou H3, Li P4, Wang F5.
Carbohydrate polymers.Carbohydr Polym.2015 Aug 20;127:145-51. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.03.057. Epub 2015 Apr 1.
A new polysaccharide named PRG was isolated from the fruiting bodies of Phellinus ribis by hot water extraction, ethanol precipitation, anion-exchange and gel-filtration chromatography. PRG was homogeneous, with a molecular weight of 5.16 × 10(3)Da, as determined by high-performance size-exclusion
PMID 25965467

Species and temperature measurements of methane oxidation in a nanosecond repetitively pulsed discharge.

Lefkowitz JK1, Guo P1, Rousso A1, Ju Y2.
Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences.Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci.2015 Aug 13;373(2048). pii: 20140333. doi: 10.1098/rsta.2014.0333.
Speciation and temperature measurements of methane oxidation during a nanosecond repetitively pulsed discharge in a low-temperature flow reactor have been performed. Measurements of temperature and formaldehyde during a burst of pulses were made on a time-dependent basis using tunable diode laser ab
PMID 26170433