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a unit of magnetic field strength equal to one-hundred-thousandth of an oersted
the 3rd letter of the Greek alphabet
a family of proteins found in blood and milk and muscle and in plant seed
a herd of whales

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ガンマ(ギリシア語アルファベットの第3字Γ,γ;英語のG,gに相当)
グロブリン(動植物組織内の純蛋白(たんぱく)質の総称)
(特に女性の)魅力的な脚,すんなりした脚

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/02/14 01:38:33」(JST)

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Schematic representation of a protein electrophoresis gel

Gamma globulins are a class of globulins, identified by their position after serum protein electrophoresis. The most significant gamma globulins are immunoglobulins ("Igs"), a subclass of which are antibodies, although some Igs are not gamma globulins, and some gamma globulins are not Igs.

Use as medical treatment[edit]

Further information: Intravenous immunoglobulin

Gamma globulin injections are usually given in an attempt to temporarily boost a patient's immunity against disease. Being a product derived from blood, gamma globulin injections, along with blood transfusions and intravenous drug use, can pass along Hepatitis C to their recipients. Once Hepatitis C was identified in 1989, blood banks began screening all blood donors for the presence of the Hepatitis C virus in their bloodstreams. However, since the Hepatitis C virus is known to have existed since at least the 1940s, a gamma globulin shot received prior to the early 1990s put the recipient at risk of being infected by the Hepatitis C virus.

Injections are most commonly used on patients having been exposed to hepatitis A or measles, or to make a kidney donor and a recipient compatible regardless of blood type of tissue match. Injections are also used to boost immunity in patients unable to produce gamma globulins naturally because of an immune deficiency, such as X-linked agammaglobulinemia and hyper IgM syndrome. Such injections are less common in modern medical practice than they were previously, and injections of gamma globulin previously recommended for travelers have largely been replaced by the use of hepatitis A vaccine.

Gamma globulin infusions are also used to treat some immunological diseases, such as idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP), a disease in which the platelets are being attacked by antibodies, leading to seriously low platelet counts. It appears that gamma globulin causes the spleen to ignore the antibody-tagged platelets, thus allowing them to survive and function.

A recent clinical trial of gamma globulin in chronic fatigue syndrome patients had no recognizable benefit, while an older trial showed improvement. The success of this treatment remains uncertain.^{[citation needed]}

Another theory on how gamma globulin administration works in autoimmune disease is by overloading the mechanisms that degrade gamma globulins. Overloading the degradation mechanism causes the harmful gamma globulins to have a much shorter halflife in sera.

Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) may be used in Kawasaki disease.

Intravenous gamma globulin was FDA-approved in 2004 to reduce antibodies in a patient with kidney failure to allow that person to accept a kidney from a donor with a different blood type (ABO-incompatible), or who is an unacceptable tissue match. Stanley Jordan at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles pioneered this treatment.^[1]

Pathology[edit]

An excess is known as hypergammaglobulinemia. A deficiency is known as hypogammaglobulinemia.

A disease of gamma globulins is called a "gammopathy" (for example, in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance.)

References[edit]

^ http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2004/12/041208234532.htm

External links[edit]

gamma-Globulins at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

UpToDate Contents

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1. 免疫グロブリンの使用における一般原則 general principles in the use of immune globulin
2. モノクローナルタンパクの認識 recognition of monoclonal proteins
3. 免疫グロブリンの静脈内投与：副作用 intravenous immune globulin adverse effects
4. 免疫不全症の内科的管理 medical management of immune deficiency
5. 血液疾患における免疫グロブリンの静脈内投与 intravenous immune globulin in hematologic disorders

English Journal

Prediagnostic plasma testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin, IGF-I and hepatocellular carcinoma: Etiological factors or risk markers?

Lukanova A, Becker S, Hüsing A, Schock H, Fedirko V, Trepo E, Trichopoulou A, Bamia C, Lagiou P, Benetou V, Trichopoulos D, Nöthlings U, Tjønneland A, Overvad K, Dossus L, Teucher B, Boeing H, Aleksandrova K, Palli D, Pala V, Panico S, Tumino R, Ricceri F, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Siersema PD, Peeters PH, Quiros JR, Duell EJ, Molina-Montes E, Chirlaque MD, Gurrea AB, Dorronsoro M, Lindkvist B, Johansen D, Werner M, Sund M, Khaw KT, Wareham N, Key TJ, Travis RC, Rinaldi S, Romieu I, Gunter MJ, Riboli E, Jenab M, Kaaks R.SourceDivision of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, University of Umeå, Umeå, Sweden.
International journal of cancer. Journal international du cancer.Int J Cancer.2014 Jan 1;134(1):164-73. doi: 10.1002/ijc.28342. Epub 2013 Aug 2.
Elevated prediagnostic testosterone and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) concentrations have been proposed to increase risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the metabolism of these hormones is altered as a consequence of liver damage and they may have clinical utility as HCC risk mark
PMID 23801371

Differential expression of functional Fc-receptors and additional immune complex receptors on mouse kidney cells.

Suwanichkul A, Wenderfer SE.SourceDepartment of Pediatrics, Renal Section, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.
Molecular immunology.Mol Immunol.2013 Dec;56(4):369-79. doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.05.219. Epub 2013 Aug 1.
The precise mechanisms by which circulating immune complexes accumulate in the kidney to form deposits in glomerulonephritis are not well understood. In particular, the role of resident cells within glomeruli of the kidney has been widely debated. Immune complexes have been shown to bind one glomeru
PMID 23911392

Anti-SSA Ro52/Ro60 antibody testing by immunodot could help the diagnosis of Sjogren's syndrome in the absence of anti-SSA/SSB antibodies by ELISA.

Mekinian A, Nicaise-Roland P, Chollet-Martin S, Fain O, Crestani B.SourceService de Médecine Interne, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Université Paris 13, AP-HP, 93140 Bondy, France. arsene.mekinian@jvr.aphp.fr.
Rheumatology (Oxford, England).Rheumatology (Oxford).2013 Dec;52(12):2223-8. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/ket295. Epub 2013 Sep 11.
Objective. The objective of this study was to assess the diagnostic value of anti-Ro52/60 antibodies by immunodot in patients with suspected SS. Methods. All patients between 2008 and 2012 with suspected SS without anti-SSA/SSB antibodies by ELISA and who had a determination of anti-SSA (Ro52/Ro60)
PMID 24026249

Japanese Journal

敗血症性ショックと播種性血管内凝固症候群を合併した気腫性膀胱炎の1例

仁科雅良/須賀弘泰/出口善純/横山利光/佐藤孝幸/西久保俊士/増田崇光/中川隆雄
東京女子医科大学雑誌 81(3), 185-188, 2011-06-25
気腫性膀胱炎は特徴的な画像所見を呈するまれな疾患である。今回我々は敗血症性ショックと播種性血管内凝固症候群を合併した気腫性膀胱炎の1例を経験したので報告する。症例は74歳の男性。他院から敗血症性ショックのため搬送された。尿閉・血尿・気尿がみられた。腹部単純レントゲン撮影では骨盤部に透亮像があり、腹部造影CT撮影では膀胱内および膀胱壁に気体像がみられた。尿培養ではKlebsiella が検出された。 …
NAID 110008585261

Binding of Human Serum Proteins to Titanium Dioxide Particles In Vitro

ZAQOUT Mazen S. K.,SUMIZAWA Tomoyuki,IGISU Hideki,HIGASHI Toshiaki,MYOJO Toshihiko
Journal of occupational health 53(2), 75-83, 2011-03-01
NAID 10027959313