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galactose

Galactosyltransferase is a type of glycosyltransferase which catalyzes the transfer of galactose. An example is B-N-acetylglucosaminyl-glycopeptide b-1,4-galactosyltransferase.

The biosynthesis of disaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides involves the action of hundreds of different glycosyltransferases. These enzymes catalyse the transfer of sugar moieties from activated donor molecules to specific acceptor molecules, forming glycosidic bonds. A classification of glycosyltransferases using nucleotide diphospho-sugar, nucleotide monophospho-sugar and sugar phosphates (EC 2.4.1.-) and related proteins into distinct sequence based families has been described.^[1] This classification is available on the CAZy (Carbohydrate-Active EnZymes) web site.^[2] The same three-dimensional fold is expected to occur within each of the families. Because 3-D structures are better conserved than sequences, several of the families defined on the basis of sequence similarities may have similar 3-D structures and therefore form 'clans'.

Glycosyltransferase family 31 (CAZY GH_31) comprises enzymes with a number of known activities; N-acetyllactosaminide beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.149); beta-1,3-galactosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1); fucose-specific beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (EC 2.4.1); globotriosylceramide beta-1,3-GalNAc transferase (EC 2.4.1.79).^[3]^[4]

Human galactosyltransferases

B3GALNT1; B3GALNT2; B3GALT1; B3GALT2; B3GALT4; B3GALT5; B3GALT6; B3GNT2; B3GNT3; B3GNT4; B3GNT5; B3GNT6; B3GNT7; B3GNT8;

B4GALNT1; B4GALNT2; B4GALNT3; B4GALNT4;

B4GALT1; B4GALT2; B4GALT3; B4GALT4; B4GALT5; B4GALT6; B4GALT7;

GALNT1; GALNT2; GALNT3; GALNT4; GALNT5; GALNT6; GALNT7; GALNT8; GALNT9; GALNT10; GALNT11; GALNT12; GALNT13; GALNT14;

GALNTL1; GALNTL2; GALNTL4; GALNTL5; GALNTL6;

References

^ Henrissat B, Davies GJ, Campbell JA, Bulone V (1997). "A classification of nucleotide-diphospho-sugar glycosyltransferases based on amino acid sequence similarities". Biochem. J. 326: 929–939. . PMID 9334165. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1218753.
^ Henrissat B, Coutinho PM (1999). Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes server. pp. -.
^ Kolbinger F, Streiff MB, Katopodis AG (1998). "Cloning of a human UDP-galactose:2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose 3beta-galactosyltransferase catalyzing the formation of type 1 chains". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (1): 433–440. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.1.433. PMID 9417100.
^ Hennet T, Dinter A, Kuhnert P, Mattu TS, Rudd PM, Berger EG (1998). "Genomic cloning and expression of three murine UDP-galactose: beta-N-acetylglucosamine beta1,3-galactosyltransferase genes". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (1): 58–65. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.1.58. PMID 9417047.

External links

MeSH Galactosyltransferases

This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro IPR002659

This transferase article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

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1. 異種移植および腎臓 xenotransplantation and the kidney

English Journal

In vivo efficacy for novel combined anticalcification treatment of glutaraldehyde-fixed cardiac xenograft using humanized mice.

Lim HG1, Choi SY2, Jeong S2, Shin JS3, Park CG3, Kim YJ4.
Journal of biomaterials applications.J Biomater Appl.2015 Feb;29(7):929-40. doi: 10.1177/0885328214552710. Epub 2014 Sep 22.
The animal immune response against Galα1,3-Galβ1-4GlcNAc-R(α-Gal) epitopes gives an important cause for the failure of glutaraldehyde(GA)-fixed cardiac xenografts. This study aimed to assess the in vivo effect of our novel combined anticalcification treatment, which includes immunologic modifica
PMID 25245780

Identification of three potent hydroxyproline O-galactosyltransferases in Arabidopsis.

Ogawa-Ohnishi M1, Matsubayashi Y.
The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology.Plant J.2015 Jan 20. doi: 10.1111/tpj.12764. [Epub ahead of print]
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are plant-specific extracellular glycoproteins implicated in a variety of processes during growth and development. AGP biosynthesis involves O-galactosylation of hydroxyproline (Hyp) residues followed by a stepwise elongation of the complex sugar chains. However, func
PMID 25600942

Engineering β1,4-galactosyltransferase I to reduce secretion and enhance N-glycan elongation in insect cells.

Geisler C1, Mabashi-Asazuma H2, Kuo CW3, Khoo KH3, Jarvis DL4.
Journal of biotechnology.J Biotechnol.2015 Jan 10;193:52-65. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.11.013. Epub 2014 Nov 25.
β1,4-galactosyltransferase I (B4GALT1) is a Golgi-resident enzyme that elongates glycoprotein glycans, but a subpopulation of this enzyme is secreted following proteolytic cleavage in its stem domain. We hypothesized that engineering B4GALT1 to block cleavage and secretion would enhance its retenti
PMID 25462875

Japanese Journal

異種移植の未来動向

佐原寿史,関島光裕,山田和彦
移植 50(1), 016-023, 2015
… Although there have been reports of severe immunologic response between swine and humans, much progress has been made in the past decade largely because of advances in our understanding of the xenoimmunobiology of pig-to-nonhuman primate transplantation as well as the availability of pigs that have undergone genetic modifications, including the alpha 1,3-galactosyltransferase gene knockout (GalT-KO) swine. …
NAID 130005064490

Challenge to the suppression of tumor growth by the β4-galactosyltransferase genes

Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B 91(1), 1-16, 2015
… We found changes in the expression of the β4-galactosyltransferase (β4GalT) 2 and 5 genes in cancer cells: decreased expression of the β4GalT2 gene and increased expression of the β4GalT5 gene. …
NAID 130004802298

Galactosylation of human erythropoietin produced by chimeric chickens expressing galactosyltransferase(GENETICS, MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, AND GENE ENGINEERING)

Kojima Yusuke,Wakita Jun,Inayoshi Yujin [他],Suzuki Ryosuke,Yamada Yuki,Kaneoka Hidenori,Nishijima Ken-ichi,Iijima Shinji
Journal of bioscience and bioengineering 117(6), 676-679, 2014-06
… therefore, the chicken galactosyltransferase gene was introduced together with the human erythropoietin gene by a retroviral vector. …
NAID 110009823149

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「ガラクトース転移酵素」「ガラクトシル基転移酵素」
拡張検索	「ganglioside galactosyltransferase」「N-acylsphingosine galactosyltransferase」「beta-N-acetylglucosaminylglycopeptide beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase」