WordNet

activities that are enjoyable or amusing; "I do it for the fun of it"; "he is fun to have around" (同)merriment, playfulness
violent and excited activity; "she asked for money and then the fun began"; "they began to fight like fun"
verbal wit or mockery (often at anothers expense but not to be taken seriously); "he became a figure of fun"; "he said it in sport" (同)play, sport
provide a fund for the redemption of principal or payment of interest
a reserve of money set aside for some purpose (同)monetary fund
accumulate a fund for the discharge of a recurrent liability; "fund a medical care plan"
convert (short-term floating debt) into long-term debt that bears fixed interest and is represented by bonds
furnish money for; "The government funds basic research in many areas"
invest money in government securities
place or store up in a fund for accumulation

PrepTutorEJDIC

『楽しみ』,慰み / 戯れ,ふざけ / 愉快な気持ちにさせるもの(人)
(特定の目的のための)『資金』,基金《+『for』+『名』》 / 《a ~》(すぐに役立つ知職などの)『蓄え』,蓄積(stock)《+『of』+『名』》 / 《複数形で》手元資金,所持金;《英》公債,国債 / 〈事業・研究など〉‘に'資金を提供する / 〈負債〉‘を'長期公債にする
farad / forte

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/04/21 12:37:32」(JST)

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Children having fun playing with snow

Surfers enjoying their sport

Fun is the enjoyment of pleasure, particularly in leisure activities. Fun is an experience — short-term, often unexpected, informal, generally not cerebral and generally purposeless. It is an enjoyable distraction, diverting the mind and body from any serious task or contributing an extra dimension to it. Although particularly associated with recreation and play, fun may be encountered during work, social functions, and even seemingly mundane activities of daily living. It may often have little to no logical basis, and opinions on whether or not an activity is fun may differ. A distinction between enjoyment and fun is difficult but possible to articulate, fun being a more spontaneous, playful, or active event. There are psychological and physiological implications to the experience of fun

Etymology and usage

The word is associated with sports, high merriment,^[1] and amusement. Although its etymology is uncertain, it may be derived from fonne (fool) and fonnen (the one fooling the other).^[2] Its meaning in 1727 was "cheat, trick, hoax", a meaning still retained in the phrase "to make fun of".^[3]

The landlady was going to reply, but was prevented by the peace-making sergeant, sorely to the displeasure of Partridge, who was a great lover of what is called fun, and a great promoter of those harmless quarrels which tend rather to the production of comical than tragical incidents.
Henry Fielding, The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling (1749)^[4]

The way the word "fun" is used demonstrates its distinctive elusiveness. Expressions such as "Have fun!" and "That was fun!" indicate that fun is pleasant, personal, and to some extent unpredictable. Expressions such as "I was making fun of myself" convey the sense that fun is something that can be amusing and not to be taken seriously. The adjective "funny" has two meanings which often need to be clarified between a speaker and listener. One meaning is "amusing, jocular, droll" and the other meaning is "odd, quirky, peculiar". These differences indicate the evanescent and experiential nature of fun and the difficulty of distinguishing "fun" from "enjoyment".^[5]

Fun's evanescence can be seen when an activity regarded as fun becomes goal-oriented. Many physical activities and individual sports are regarded as fun until the participant seeks to win a competition, at which point, much of the fun may disappear as the individual's focus tightens. Surfing is an example. If you are a "mellow soul" (not in a competition or engaging in extreme sport) "once you're riding waves, you're guaranteed to be having ... fun".^[6]

The pleasure of fun can be seen by the numerous efforts to harness its positive associations. For example, there are many books on serious subjects, about skills such as music, mathematics and languages, normally quite difficult to master, which have "fun" added to the title.^[7]^[8]^[9]

Activities

Many physical activities provide opportunities to play and have fun.

Opportunities for fun

Snowballing (Tallahassee 1899)

Children in a playground fountain (Frankfurt 2006)

Young adults playing (Chicago 2006)

Pillow Fight (Warsaw 2010)

Psychology

Employment poster about the importance of fun

According to Johan Huizinga, fun is "an absolutely primary category of life, familiar to everybody at a glance right down to the animal level."^[10] Psychological studies reveal both the importance of fun and its effect on the perception of time, which is sometimes said to be shortened when one is having fun.^[11]^[12] As the adage states: "Time flies when you're having fun".

It has been suggested that games, toys, and activities perceived as fun are often challenging in some way. When a person is challenged to think consciously, overcome challenge and learn something new, they are more likely to enjoy a new experience and view it as fun. A change from routine activities appears to be at the core of this perception, since people spend much of a typical day engaged in activities that are routine and require limited conscious thinking. Routine information is processed by the brain as a "chunked pattern": "We rarely look at the real world", according to game designer Raph Koster, "we instead recognize something we have chunked, and leave it at that. [...] One might argue that the essence of much of art is in forcing us to see things as they really are rather than as we assume them to be".^[13] Since it helps people to relax, fun is sometimes regarded as a "social lubricant", important in adding "to one's pleasure in life" and helping to "act as a buffer against stress".^[14]

For children, fun is strongly related to play and they have great capacity to extract the fun from it in a spontaneous and inventive way. Play "involves the capacity to have fun - to be able to return, at least for a little while, to never-never land and enjoy it."^[14]

Physiology

Some scientists have identified areas of the brain associated with the perception of novelty, which are stimulated when faced with "unusual or surprising circumstances". Information is initially received in the hippocampus, the site of long-term memory consolidation, where the brain attempts to match the new information with recognizable patterns stored in long-term memory. When it is unable to do this, the brain releases dopamine, a chemical which stimulates the amygdala, the site of emotion, and creates a pleasurable feeling that is associated with the new memory.^[15] In other words, fun is created by stimulating the brain with novelty.

In popular culture

In the modern world, fun is sold as a consumer product in the form of games, novelties, television, toys and other amusements. Marxist sociologists such as the Frankfurt School criticise mass-manufactured fun as too calculated and empty to be fully satisfying. Bill Griffith satirises this dysphoria when his cartoon character Zippy the Pinhead asks mechanically, "Are we having fun yet?" In the Beatles song "She's Leaving Home" fun is called "the one thing that money can't buy."^[16]

References

^ Bailey, Nathan (1775). An universal etymological English dictionary: comprehending the derivations ... R. Ware, W. Innys. pp. FU–FU. ISBN 978-1234363932.
^ Andreyev, Judith (2005). Wondering about Words: D'où Viennent Les Mots Anglais ?. Bréal; BREAL. p. 26. ISBN 978-2749503059.
^ Cousineau, Phil (2012). The Painted Word: A Treasure Chest of Remarkable Words and Their Origins. Cleis Press. p. 156. ISBN 9781936740253.
^ Fielding, Henry (1749). The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling. Penguin Books (1966). pp. 458 (Book 9, Ch.6).
^ Alan Dix. "Fun Systematically" (PDF). Retrieved November 1, 2010.
^ Alderson, Alf (2008). Surfing: A Beginner's Guide. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons. Preface. ISBN 978-0-470-51654-6.
^ Matz, Carol (2003). Famous & Fun Classic Themes - 13 Appealing Arrangements for Early Elementary to Elementary Pianists. Alfred Music Publishing.
^ de Guzmán, Miguel (2000). The Countingbury Tales: Fun With Mathematics. River Edge, NJ, Covent Garden, London: World Scientific Publishing Company. ISBN 981-02-4032-5.
^ Akiyama, Nobuo; Carol Akiyama (1999). Learn Japanese (Nihongo): The Fast and Fun Way. Barron's Educational Series. ISBN 0-7641-0623-6.
^ Bruce C. Daniels. Puritans at Play. Leisure and Recreation in Colonial New England. St. Martin's Press, New York, 1995. p. xiii. ISBN 0-312-12500-3.
^ Sackett, A.; Meyvis, T.; Nelson, L.; Converse, B.; Sackett, A. (2010). "You're having fun when time flies: the hedonic consequences of subjective time progression". Psychological science : a journal of the American Psychological Society / APS. 21 (1): 111–117. doi:10.1177/0956797609354832. PMID 20424031.
^ Glynn, Sarah (August 2012). "Why Time Flies When You're Having Fun". Medical News Today. Retrieved 2013-02-06. Just being content or satisfied may not make time fly, but being excited or actively pursuing a desired object can.
^ Koster, Raph (2010). Theory of Fun for Game Design. O'Reilly Media, Inc. p. 22. ISBN 9781449314972.
^ ^a ^b Urdang, Esther (2008). Human Behavior in the Social Environment: Interweaving the Inner and Outer Worlds (2nd ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 445. ISBN 978-0-7890-3417-5.
^ Sprenger, Marilee B. (2009). The Leadership Brain For Dummies. John Wiley & Sons. p. 50. ISBN 9780470600054.
^ Mark Blythe, Marc Hassnzahl (2004), "The Semantics of Fun", Funology, Springer, pp. 91–100, ISBN 9781402029660

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English Journal

Development and validation of the endorsement of the hookup culture index.

Aubrey JS, Smith SE.Sourcea Department of Communication , University of Missouri-Columbia.
Journal of sex research.J Sex Res.2013 Jul;50(5):435-48. doi: 10.1080/00224499.2011.637246. Epub 2011 Dec 29.
Although researchers have examined the predictors and outcomes of the behavioral aspect of "hooking up," typically defined as casual, commitment-free sexual encounters, research has not yet examined the extent to which young people endorse the culture associated with hooking up. Based on the argumen
PMID 22206464

An Exploratory Study of Zoo Visitors' Exhibit Experiences and Reactions.

Luebke JF, Matiasek J.SourceChicago Zoological Society-Brookfield Zoo, Brookfield, Illinois.
Zoo biology.Zoo Biol.2013 Jun 5. doi: 10.1002/zoo.21071. [Epub ahead of print]
Visiting a zoo or aquarium is not only fun, but can also have a positive impact on visitors' knowledge and attitudes regarding animals and the environment. The biggest challenge, however, is for these institutions to strategically provide opportunities for cognitive and affective learning while simu
PMID 23740472

Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial of Acetyl-L-Carnitine for the Prevention of Taxane-Induced Neuropathy in Women Undergoing Adjuvant Breast Cancer Therapy.

Hershman DL, Unger JM, Crew KD, Minasian LM, Awad D, Moinpour CM, Hansen L, Lew DL, Greenlee H, Fehrenbacher L, Wade JL 3rd, Wong SF, Hortobagyi GN, Meyskens FL, Albain KS.SourceDawn L. Hershman, Katherine D. Crew, Danielle Awad, and Heather Greenlee, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; Joseph M. Unger and Danika L. Lew, Southwest Oncology Group Statistical Center; Carol M. Moinpour, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Lori M. Minasian, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Lisa Hansen, Legacy Good Samaritan Hospital, Portland, OR; Louis Fehrenbacher, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Vallejo; Siu-Fun Wong, Loma Linda University School of Pharmacy, Loma Linda; Frank L. Meyskens, University of California at Irvine, Orange, CA; James L. Wade III, Central Illinois Community Clinical Oncology Program/Cancer Care Specialists of Central Illinois, Decatur, IL; Gabriel N. Hortobagyi, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and Kathy S. Albain, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL.
Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.J Clin Oncol.2013 Jun 3. [Epub ahead of print]
PURPOSEChemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is common and leads to suboptimal treatment. Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) is a natural compound involved in neuronal protection. Studies have suggested ALC may be effective for the prevention and treatment of CIPN. PATIENTS AND METHODSA 24-week ra
PMID 23733756

Photoinduced Reactions of para-Quinones with Bicyclopropylidene Leading to Diverse Polycyclic Compounds with Spirocyclopropanes.

Wang W, Zhang WJ, Wang L, Quah CK, Fun HK, Xu JH, Zhang Y.SourceState Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, China.
The Journal of organic chemistry.J Org Chem.2013 Jun 3. [Epub ahead of print]
Photoinduced reactions of bicyclopropylidene (BCP) with para-quinones (p-quinones) including benzoquinones, naphthoquinones, and anthraquinones were found to proceed via different cycloaddition pathways and lead to diverse polycyclic products bearing spiropropyl moiety. Photocycloaddition of BCP wit
PMID 23692405

Japanese Journal

留学生の歴史認識の形成―世界史の授業のコメントを通して―

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NAID 120005675255

楽しみながらブレーキ操作がうまくなるスマホアプリの開発

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NAID 40020676159

学術的読み物ものづくりの面白さ

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観光地における虚構性の研究 : 観光社会学からみた観光地の「本物」「ニセモノ」論

彦根論叢 (第405号), 76-90, 2015-09
NAID 120005653376

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

「fund」

　　[★]

n.

基金

v.

資金を提供する

関: endowment、foundation

[1] Bailey, Nathan (1775). An universal etymological English dictionary: comprehending the derivations ... R. Ware, W. Innys. pp. FU–FU. ISBN 978-1234363932.

[2] Andreyev, Judith (2005). Wondering about Words: D'où Viennent Les Mots Anglais ?. Bréal; BREAL. p. 26. ISBN 978-2749503059.

[3] Cousineau, Phil (2012). The Painted Word: A Treasure Chest of Remarkable Words and Their Origins. Cleis Press. p. 156. ISBN 9781936740253.

[4] Fielding, Henry (1749). The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling. Penguin Books (1966). pp. 458 (Book 9, Ch.6).

[5] Alan Dix. "Fun Systematically" (PDF). Retrieved November 1, 2010.

[6] Alderson, Alf (2008). Surfing: A Beginner's Guide. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons. Preface. ISBN 978-0-470-51654-6.

[7] Matz, Carol (2003). Famous & Fun Classic Themes - 13 Appealing Arrangements for Early Elementary to Elementary Pianists. Alfred Music Publishing.

[8] Guzmán, Miguel (2000). The Countingbury Tales: Fun With Mathematics. River Edge, NJ, Covent Garden, London: World Scientific Publishing Company. ISBN 981-02-4032-5.

[9] Akiyama, Nobuo; Carol Akiyama (1999). Learn Japanese (Nihongo): The Fast and Fun Way. Barron's Educational Series. ISBN 0-7641-0623-6.

[10] Bruce C. Daniels. Puritans at Play. Leisure and Recreation in Colonial New England. St. Martin's Press, New York, 1995. p. xiii. ISBN 0-312-12500-3.

[11] Sackett, A.; Meyvis, T.; Nelson, L.; Converse, B.; Sackett, A. (2010). "You're having fun when time flies: the hedonic consequences of subjective time progression". Psychological science : a journal of the American Psychological Society / APS. 21 (1): 111–117. doi:10.1177/0956797609354832. PMID 20424031.

[12] Glynn, Sarah (August 2012). "Why Time Flies When You're Having Fun". Medical News Today. Retrieved 2013-02-06. Just being content or satisfied may not make time fly, but being excited or actively pursuing a desired object can.

[13] Koster, Raph (2010). Theory of Fun for Game Design. O'Reilly Media, Inc. p. 22. ISBN 9781449314972.

[Urdang-14] Urdang, Esther (2008). Human Behavior in the Social Environment: Interweaving the Inner and Outer Worlds (2nd ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 445. ISBN 978-0-7890-3417-5.

[15] Sprenger, Marilee B. (2009). The Leadership Brain For Dummies. John Wiley & Sons. p. 50. ISBN 9780470600054.

[Sem-16] Mark Blythe, Marc Hassnzahl (2004), "The Semantics of Fun", Funology, Springer, pp. 91–100, ISBN 9781402029660

v t e Aesthetics

Philosophers	Abhinavagupta Theodor W. Adorno Leon Battista Alberti Thomas Aquinas Hans Urs von Balthasar Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten Clive Bell Bernard Bosanquet Edward Bullough R. G. Collingwood Ananda Coomaraswamy Arthur Danto John Dewey Denis Diderot Hubert Dreyfus Curt John Ducasse Thierry de Duve Roger Fry Nelson Goodman Clement Greenberg Georg Hegel Martin Heidegger David Hume Immanuel Kant Paul Klee Susanne Langer Theodor Lipps György Lukács Jean-François Lyotard Joseph Margolis Jacques Maritain Thomas Munro Friedrich Nietzsche José Ortega y Gasset Dewitt H. Parker Stephen Pepper David Prall Ayn Rand George Lansing Raymond I. A. Richards George Santayana Friedrich Schiller Arthur Schopenhauer Roger Scruton Irving Singer Rabindranath Tagore Giorgio Vasari Morris Weitz Johann Joachim Winckelmann Richard Wollheim more...

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