大後頭孔
WordNet
- a natural opening or perforation through a bone or a membranous structure (同)hiatus
- a large wine bottle for liquor or wine
- marine microorganism having a calcareous shell with openings where pseudopods protrude (同)foraminifer
PrepTutorEJDIC
- (骨・植物などの)孔(こう),開口
- (ぶどう酒などが約2リットルはいる)大びん
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/01/10 17:22:38」(JST)
[Wiki en表示]
| Foramen magnum |
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Upper surface of base of the skull. The hole indicated by an arrow is the foramen magnum
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Occipital bone. Inner surface.
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| Details |
| Latin |
Foramen magnum |
| Identifiers |
| Gray's |
p.129 |
| MeSH |
A02.835.232.781.572.434 |
| TA |
A02.1.04.002 |
| FMA |
75306 |
| Anatomical terms of bone |
The foramen magnum (Latin: great hole) is a large opening in the occipital bone of the human skull. It is one of the several oval or circular openings (foramina) in the base of the skull. The spinal cord, an extension of the medulla, passes through the foramen magnum as it exits the cranial vault. Apart from the transmission of the medulla oblongata and its membranes, the foramen magnum transmits the vertebral arteries, the anterior and posterior spinal arteries, the tectorial membranes and alar ligaments. It also transmits the spinal component of the accessory nerve into the skull.
The opisthion is the midpoint on the posterior margin of the foramen magnum and is a cephalometric landmark. Another landmark is the basion located at the midpoint on the anterior margin of the foramen magnum.
The foramen magnum is a very important feature in bipedal mammals. One of the attributes of a bipedal animal’s foramen magnum is a forward shift of the anterior border; this is caused by the shortening of the cranial base. Studies on the foramen magnum position have shown a connection to the functional influences of both posture and locomotion. The forward shift of the foramen magnum is apparent in bipedal hominins, including modern humans, Australopithecus africanus, and Paranthropus boisei. This common feature of bipedal hominins is the driving argument used by Michel Brunet that Sahelanthropus tchadensis was also bipedal, and may be the earliest known bipedal ape. The discovery of this feature has given scientists another form of identifying bipedal mammals. [1]
Contents
- 1 Other animals
- 2 Additional images
- 3 See also
- 4 References
- 5 External links
Other animals
In humans, the foramen magnum is farther underneath the head than in the other great apes. Thus, in humans, the neck muscles (including the occipitofrontalis muscle) do not need to be as robust in order to hold the head upright. Comparisons of the position of the foramen magnum in early hominid species are useful to determine how comfortable a particular species was when walking on two limbs (bipedalism) rather than four (quadrupedalism).
Additional images
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Skull seen from below. The hole through which the medulla (shown in red) is passing is foramen magnum.
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Occipital bone. Foramen magnum shown in red.
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Human brain with dura mater intact. The foramen magnum is visible as the large hole in the centre.
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Occipital bone inner surface (basion shown in red)
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See also
References
This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)
- ^ Russo, Gabrielle A.; Kirk, Christopher E. (November 2013). "Foramen magnum position in bipedal mammals". Journal of Human Evolution 65 (5): 656–670. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.07.007. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Foramen magnum. |
- Anatomy diagram: 34257.000-1 at Roche Lexicon - illustrated navigator, Elsevier
- Diagram 1
- Diagram 2
- 3D animation showing position of basion on YouTube
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The neurocranium of the skull
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| Occipital |
| Squamous part |
- external
- Inion/External occipital protuberance
- External occipital crest
- Nuchal lines
- planes
- internal
- Cruciform eminence
- Internal occipital protuberance
- Sagittal sulcus
- Internal occipital crest
- Groove for transverse sinus
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| Lateral parts |
- Condyle
- Condyloid fossa
- Condylar canal
- Hypoglossal canal
- jugular
- Jugular process
- Jugular tubercle
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| Basilar part |
- Pharyngeal tubercle
- Clivus
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| Other |
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| Parietal |
- Parietal eminence
- Temporal line
- Parietal foramen
- Sagittal sulcus
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| Frontal |
| Squamous part |
- Frontal suture
- Frontal eminence
- external
- Superciliary arches
- Glabella
- foramina
- Zygomatic process
- internal
- Sagittal sulcus
- Frontal crest
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| Orbital part |
- Ethmoidal notch
- Fossa for lacrimal gland
- Trochlear fovea
- Frontal sinus
- Frontonasal duct
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| Temporal |
| Squamous part |
- Articular tubercle
- Suprameatal triangle
- Mandibular fossa
- Petrotympanic fissure
- Zygomatic process
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| Mastoid part |
- Mastoid foramen
- Mastoid process (Mastoid cells)
- Mastoid notch
- Occipital groove
- Sigmoid sulcus
- Mastoid antrum (Aditus)
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| Petrous part |
- Carotid canal
- Facial canal
- Internal auditory meatus
- Cochlear aqueduct
- Stylomastoid foramen
- fossae
- Subarcuate fossa
- Jugular fossa
- canaliculi
- Inferior tympanic
- Mastoid
- Styloid process
- Petrosquamous suture
- (note: ossicles in petrous part, but not part of temporal bone)
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| Tympanic part |
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| Sphenoid |
| Surfaces |
- Superior surface: Sella turcica
- Dorsum sellae
- Tuberculum sellae
- Hypophysial fossa
- Posterior clinoid processes
- Ethmoidal spine
- Chiasmatic groove
- Middle clinoid process
- Petrosal process
- Clivus
- Lateral surface: Carotid groove
- Sphenoidal lingula
- Anterior surface: Sphenoidal sinuses
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| Great wings |
- foramina
- Rotundum
- Ovale
- Vesalii
- Spinosum
- Spine
- Infratemporal crest
- Sulcus for auditory tube
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| Small wings |
- Superior orbital fissure
- Anterior clinoid process
- Optic canal
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Pterygoid
processes |
- fossae
- pterygoid plates
- Pterygoid canal
- Hamulus
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| Other |
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| Ethmoid |
| Plates |
- Cribriform plate
- Crista galli
- Olfactory foramina
- Perpendicular plate
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| Surfaces |
- Lateral surface Orbital lamina
- Uncinate process
- Medial surface Supreme nasal concha
- Superior nasal concha
- Superior meatus
- Middle nasal concha
- Middle meatus
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| Labyrinth |
- Ethmoid sinus
- ethmoidal foramina
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Foramina of the skull (and canals, fissures, meatus, and hiatus)
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| Anterior cranial fossa |
| to Orbit: |
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| to Nasal cavity: |
- olfactory foramina (CN-I)
- foramen cecum
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| Middle cranial fossa |
| to Orbit: |
- optic canal (CN-II)
- superior orbital fissure (CN-III,IV,V1,VI)
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| to Pterygopalatine fossa: |
- foramen rotundum (CN-V2)
- pterygoid canal
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| to Infratemporal fossa: |
- foramen ovale (CN-V3)
- foramen spinosum/carotid canal
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| other: |
- foramen lacerum
- hiatus for greater petrosal nerve
- hiatus for lesser petrosal nerve
- sphenoidal emissary foramen
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| Posterior cranial fossa |
- internal auditory meatus/facial canal/stylomastoid foramen (CN-VII,VIII)
- jugular foramen (CN-IX,X,XI)
- foramen magnum (CN-XI)
- hypoglossal canal (CN-XII)
- condylar canal
- mastoid foramen
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| Orbit |
| to Nasal cavity: |
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| to face: |
- supraorbital
- infraorbital
- zygomatic foramen
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| to Pterygopalatine fossa: |
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| other: |
- Inferior orbital fissure
- Fossa for lacrimal sac
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| Pterygopalatine fossa |
| to Nasal cavity: |
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| to Oral cavity: |
- greater palatine canal
- lesser palatine canals
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| to Infratemporal fossa: |
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| to Nasopharynx: |
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| to oral cavity: |
- incisive canals
- incisive foramen
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| to nasal cavity: |
- Foramen vomerinum
- Meatus vomerinus
- Fissura vomerina
- Hiatus vomerinus
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| Other |
- external acoustic meatus
- mandibular foramen
- mental foramen
- parietal foramen
- petrotympanic fissure
- semilunar hiatus
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UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- Chiari Type 1 Malformation and Periventricular Nodular Heterotopia in a 6-Year-Old Boy With Congenital Hemiplegia: A Case Report.
- Kaushik JS, Sharma S, Aneja S, Kumar A.Source1Department of Pediatrics, Lady Hardinge Medical College and Associated Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital, New Delhi, India.
- Journal of child neurology.J Child Neurol.2012 Dec 23. [Epub ahead of print]
- A 6-year-old boy presented with weakness of the right upper and lower limbs, noted since infancy. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain revealed periventricular nodular heterotopia lining the trigone and occipital horns of bilateral lateral ventricles along with herniation of the cerebellar tonsil
- PMID 23266946
- Central sleep apnea and associated Chiari malformation in children with syndromic craniosynostosis: treatment and outcome data from a supraregional national craniofacial center.
- Addo NK, Javadpour S, Kandasamy J, Sillifant P, May P, Sinha A.SourceOur Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland;
- Journal of neurosurgery. Pediatrics.J Neurosurg Pediatr.2012 Dec 14. [Epub ahead of print]
- Object The association of Chiari malformation Type I (CM-I) with syndromic craniosynostosis (SC) in children is well established. Central sleep apnea (CSA) may subsequently occur. However, sleep studies performed in these patients have been focused mainly on assessing the severity of obstructive s
- PMID 23240845
- Basicranial Analysis in Young Bovines Reveals a Relation to Breed and Sex.
- Parés-Casanova PM.SourceDepartment of Animal Production, University of Lleida, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191. E-25198, Lleida, Catalunya, Spain.
- Anatomia, histologia, embryologia.Anat Histol Embryol.2012 Dec 3. doi: 10.1111/ahe.12019. [Epub ahead of print]
- The purpose of this article was to examine the level of sexual dimorphism exhibited in the foramen magnum and occipital condyles of bovine juveniles and to test the utility of three basicranial measurements for estimating sex and to evaluate breed differences. Data were taken from 68 bovines of know
- PMID 23198864
Japanese Journal
- キアリ1型奇形に対する大後頭孔減圧術後に遅発性の硬膜外血腫を生じたNoonan症候群に伴う側弯症の1例 (日本側彎症学会特集号)
- 田仕 英希,平野 徹,渡辺 慶 他
- Journal of spine research : official journal of the Japanese Society for Spine Surgery and Related Research 3(11), 1526-1529, 2012-11-00
- NAID 40019503630
- Acquired Chiari Malformation Secondary to Atlantoaxial Vertical Subluxation in a Patient With Rheumatoid Arthritis Combined With Atlanto-occipital Assimilation
- KIMURA Yuiko,SEICHI Atsushi,GOMI Akira,KOJIMA Masahiro,INOUE Hirokazu,KIMURA Atsushi
- Neurologia medico-chirurgica = 神経外科 52(9), 683-686, 2012-09-15
- … We concluded that coexisting assimilation accelerated crowded foramen magnum following atlantoaxial vertical subluxation and induced acquired Chiari malformation over the course of a few years. …
- NAID 10030873249
- The Transcondylar Approach and Modifications
- 長谷川 光広
- Japanese Journal of Neurosurgery 21(11), 857-863, 2012
- … This enables access to the premedullary area and lower clivus in cases with VA-BA aneurysms, foramen magnum tumors, and others. … Although the frequency of using this approach is not high, all neurosurgeons treating lesions around the foramen magnum should be familiar with this approach and its modifications. …
- NAID 130002586282
Related Links
- foramen [fo-ra´men] (pl. fora´mina) (L.) a natural opening or passage, especially one into or through a bone. aortic foramen aortic hiatus. apical foramen an ... The oval foramen magnum of the Amud specimen also departs from the ...
- Seen and Heard What made you want to look up foramen magnum? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).
Related Pictures
★リンクテーブル★
[★]
- 英
- foramen magnum (N)
- 同
- 大孔
- 関
- 頭蓋
Henry Gray (1825-1861). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
[★]
大後頭孔 foramen magnum
[★]
孔
- 関
- foramina、hole、vent
