WordNet

small room in which a monk or nun lives (同)cubicle
a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction (同)electric cell
a room where a prisoner is kept (同)jail cell, prison cell
(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
any small compartment; "the cells of a honeycomb"
a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement (同)cadre
become bubbly or frothy or foaming; "The boiling soup was frothing"; "The river was foaming"; "Sparkling water" (同)froth, fizz, effervesce, sparkle, form bubbles
a lightweight material in cellular form; made by introducing gas bubbles during manufacture
a mass of small bubbles formed in or on a liquid; "the beer had a thick head of foam" (同)froth
producing or covered with lathery sweat or saliva from exhaustion or disease; "the rabid animals frothing mouth" (同)foamy, frothing

PrepTutorEJDIC

(刑務所の)『独房』;(修道院の)小さい独居室 / (ミツバチの)みつ房,巣穴 / 小さい部屋 / 『細胞』 / 電池 / 花粉室 / (共産党などの)細胞
(液体表面の)『泡』(あわ)[のかたまり] / 《話》=foam rubber / 『泡立つ』 / 泡立って流れる(吹き出る)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/11/21 23:06:21」(JST)

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Foam Cells are fat-laden immune cells of the type macrophage. They are an indication of plaque-build up, or atherosclerosis, which is commonly associated with increased risk of heart attack and stroke.

Foam cells are formed when the body sends macrophages to the location of a fatty deposit on the blood vessel walls.^[1] The macrophage surrounds the fatty material in an attempt to destroy it. The cell becomes filled with lipids (fats). The lipids surrounded by the macrophage give it a “foamy” appearance.

In chronic hyperlipidemia, lipoproteins aggregate within the intima of blood vessels and become oxidized by the action of oxygen free radicals generated either by macrophages or endothelial cells. The macrophages engulf oxidized low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) by endocytosis via scavenger receptors, which are distinct from LDL receptors. The oxidized LDL accumulates in the macrophages and other phagocytes, which are then known as foam cells.^[2] Foam cells form the fatty streaks of the plaques of atheroma in the tunica intima of arteries.

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is contained by a foam cell. LDL is also known as “bad” cholesterol. It becomes a marker for atherosclerosis. Foam cells are the body’s way of trying to get rid of bad cholesterol from the blood vessels. Foam cells do not give off any explicit signs or symptoms, but they are part of the origin of atherosclerosis. Foam cells are very small in size and can only be truly detected by examining a fatty plaque under a microscope after it is removed from the body. HDL cholesterol is good cholesterol and it removes harmful bad cholesterol from where it does not belong.^[3] If foam cells are present, standard treatments for atherosclerosis are an appropriate treatment.

Foam cells are not dangerous as such, but can become a problem when they accumulate at particular foci thus creating a necrotic centre of atherosclerosis. If the fibrous cap that prevents the necrotic centre from spilling into the lumen of a vessel ruptures, a thrombus can form which can lead to emboli occluding smaller vessels. The occlusion of small vessels results in ischemia, and contributes to stroke and myocardial infarction, two of the leading causes of cardiovascular-related death.

Atherosclerosis is the hardening and narrowing of the arteries, due to the formation of plaques in the blood vessel. Atherosclerosis is the usual cause of heart attacks, strokes, and peripheral vascular disease. Together, these diseases are called “cardiovascular disease.” ^[4]

Atherosclerosis

A condition in which patchy deposits of fatty material develop in the walls of medium-sized and large arteries, leading to reduced or blocked blood flow
Caused by repeated injury to the walls of arteries
Factors that contribute to injury include: high blood pressure, tobacco smoke, diabetes, and high levels of cholesterol in the blood
First symptom is pain or cramps
Preventions include: stop using tobacco, improve diet, exercise regularly, and maintain control of blood pressure and diabetes
Causes complications such as a heart attack or stroke
Leading cause of illness and death in most developed countries
Can affect the medium-sized and large arteries of the brain, heart, kidneys, other vital organs, and legs
Three types- atherosclerosis (large and medium arteries/ most common form), arteriolosclerosis, (small arteries and arterioles) and Mönckeberg’s arteriosclerosis (muscular arteries)
Treatment: drugs that include statins and aspirin or other antiplatelet drugs^[5]

Foam Cells will form around silicone breast implants as well, which may lead to Atherosclerosis. (see Journal of Clinical Pathology for more information: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC500799/?page=1)

May also be linked to autoimmunity.^[6]

Risk factors for Atherosclerosis

advancing age
sex (males and post-menopausal females)
hyperlipidaemia
hypertension
smoking
diabetes mellitus
family history
homocystinuria

Arteriosclerosis is defined by thickening and loss of elasticity of the arterial walls. There are 3 patterns (arteriosclerosis is used as a generic term for all patterns above):

Atherosclerosis: large and medium sized arteries
Mönckeberg medial calcific sclerosis: muscular arteries
Arteriolosclerosis: small arteries and arterioles

Autoimmunity occurs when the body starts attacking itself. The link between atherosclerosis and autoimmunity is plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). PDCs contribute to the early stages of the formation of atherosclerotic lesions in the blood vessels. Stimulation of pDCs leads to an increase of macrophages present in plaques.

Additional images

A micrograph showing foam cells in the vascular papillae of papillary renal cell carcinoma. H&E stain.

References

^ Manning, Robert. "Livestrong.com". What Is A Foam Cell?. Demand Media Inc. Retrieved 5 March 2013.
^ Kumar, Abbas, Fausto, Aster (2010). "11". Robbins and Cotran: Pathologic Basis of Disease (Eighth Edition International ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier. pp. 500–501. ISBN 978-1-4160-3121-5.
^ Maddox, Thomas. "WebMD". Cholesterol & Triglycerides Health Center. WebMD LLC. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
^ Berkerman, James. "WebMD". Heart Disease Health Center. WebMD LLC. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
^ Lam, Jules. "The Merck Manual Home Health Handbook". Atherosclerosis. Merck Sharp and Dohme Corp. Retrieved 28 March 2013.
^ Ludwig-Maximilians, Universitat Munchen. "ScienceDaily". The long arm of the dendritic cell: A link between atherosclerosis and autoimmunity. ScienceDaily. Retrieved 28 March 2013.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 間質性肺疾患の診断における気管支肺胞洗浄検査の役割 role of bronchoalveolar lavage in diagnosis of interstitial lung disease
2. 幼児および小児における嚥下障害による誤嚥 aspiration due to swallowing dysfunction in infants and children
3. 小児および思春期における胃食道逆流症の臨床症状および診断 clinical manifestations and diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease in children and adolescents
4. アテローム性動脈硬化症の病因 pathogenesis of atherosclerosis
5. ニーマン・ピック病の概要 overview of niemann pick disease

English Journal

Apolipoprotein A-I Helsinki promotes intracellular acyl-CoA cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) protein accumulation.

Toledo JD, Garda HA, Cabaleiro LV, Cuellar A, Pellon-Maison M, Gonzalez-Baro MR, Gonzalez MC.SourceFacultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), CONICET-UNLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calles 60 y 120, 1900, La Plata, Argentina.
Molecular and cellular biochemistry.Mol Cell Biochem.2013 May;377(1-2):197-205. doi: 10.1007/s11010-013-1585-y. Epub 2013 Mar 3.
Reverse cholesterol transport is a process of high antiatherogenic relevance in which apolipoprotein AI (apoA-I) plays an important role. The interaction of apoA-I with peripheral cells produces through mechanisms that are still poorly understood the mobilization of intracellular cholesterol depots
PMID 23456478

Metastasizing "benign" cutaneous fibrous histiocytoma: a clinicopathologic analysis of 16 cases.

Doyle LA, Fletcher CD.SourceDepartment of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
The American journal of surgical pathology.Am J Surg Pathol.2013 Apr;37(4):484-95. doi: 10.1097/PAS.0b013e31827070d4.
Cutaneous fibrous histiocytoma (FH) is considered a benign tumor; however, certain types of FH have been shown to have a tendency for local recurrence, and there are rare reported cases of metastasis. In this study, 16 cases of morphologically benign FH with locoregional or distant metastasis were i
PMID 23426120

Melittin derived peptides for nanoparticle based siRNA transfection.

Hou KK, Pan H, Lanza GM, Wickline SA.SourceComputational and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA.
Biomaterials.Biomaterials.2013 Apr;34(12):3110-9. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.01.037. Epub 2013 Feb 4.
Traditional transfection agents including cationic lipids and polymers have high efficiency but cause cytotoxicity. While cell penetrating peptide based transfection agents exhibit improved cytotoxicity profiles, they do not have the efficiency of existing lipidic agents due to endosomal trapping. A
PMID 23380356