flail

• n.

• 殻竿

• vt,vi

• 殻竿で打つ、殻竿で雑穀する。(腕など)殻竿のように振り回す(振り回される)

• ex.

• flail chest 胸壁動揺

　 　 　

WordNet

1. move like a flail; thresh about; "Her arms were flailing" (同)thresh
2. an implement consisting of handle with a free swinging stick at the end; used in manual threshing

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. からざお(さおの先端に自由に動く板をつけた昔の脱穀機具) / 〈穀物〉‘を'からざおで打つ / 〈腕など〉‘を'振り回す

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/02/24 12:59:32」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

For other uses, see flail (disambiguation).

An example of a grain flail

Flails used in Britain

A flail is an agricultural tool used for threshing to separate grains from their husks.

It is usually made from two or more large sticks attached by a short chain; one stick is held and swung, causing the other to strike a pile of grain, loosening the husks. The precise dimensions and shape of flails were determined by generations of farmers to suit the particular grain they were harvesting. For example, flails used by farmers in Quebec to process wheat were generally made from two pieces of wood, the handle being about 1.5 m (4.9 ft) long by 3 cm (1.2 in) in diameter, and the second stick being about1 m (3.3 ft) long by about 3 cm (1.2 in) in diameter, with a slight taper towards the end. Flails for other grains, such as rice or spelt, would have had different dimensions.

French peasants threshing with flails around 1270.

Flails have generally fallen into disuse in many nations because of the availability of technologies such as combine harvesters that require much less manual labour. But in many places, such as Minnesota, wild rice can only be harvested legally using manual means, specifically through the use of a canoe and a flail that is made of smooth, round wood no more than 30 inches long.

The crook and flail depicted in ancient Egyptian art.

The flail is depicted alongside the “crook” as symbols of office for the crowned Egyptian Pharaoh. The flail symbolises the Pharaoh's role as provider of food for his people and the crook symbolises his role as the shepherd of his people. Both crook and flail also serve to link the Pharaoh with Osiris. Depictions of Anubis, the jackal-headed god of the embalming, also include the flail as attribute.

Non-agricultural uses

See also: Flail (weapon)

As with most agricultural tools, flails were often used as weapons by farmers who may have lacked better weapons. The flail is proposed as one of the origins of the two-piece baton known in the kobudo weapon system as the nunchaku. The first known use of a flail as a weapon was by farmers under the leadership of Jan Žižka during the Hussite Wars in Bohemia.

References

External links

Media related to Threshing flails at Wikimedia Commons

• Antique Farm Tools
• Agriculture in Victorian Times
• Picture of one kind of rice flail
•  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Flail". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 成人における胸壁外傷の初期評価およびマネージメント initial evaluation and management of chest wall trauma in adults
• 2. 僧帽弁逸脱および僧帽弁尖動揺における慢性僧帽弁閉鎖不全症の自然史 natural history of chronic mitral regurgitation in mitral valve prolapse and flail mitral leaflet
• 3. Multifocal motor neuropathy
• 4. 腕を動かさない小児の評価 evaluation of the immobile arm in children
• 5. 小児における胸壁損傷 chest wall injuries in children

English Journal

• Aortic valve sclerosis as a marker of coronary artery atherosclerosis; a multicenter study of a large population with a low prevalence of coronary artery disease.

• Rossi A1, Gaibazzi N2, Dandale R3, Agricola E4, Moreo A5, Berlinghieri N6, Sartorio D2, Loffi M4, De Chiara B5, Rigo F7, Vassanelli C3, Faggiano P6.Author information 1Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Verona, Italy. Electronic address: andrea.rossi@ospedaleuniverona.it.2Department of Cardiology, University of Parma, Italy.3Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Verona, Italy.4San Raffaele Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Milan, Italy.5Department of Cardiology, Niguarda Ca' Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy.6Civil Hospital of Brescia, Department of Cardiology, Brescia, Italy.7UOC Cardiologia Ospedale dell'Angelo Mestre-Venezia, Italy.AbstractThere are no studies analyzing the association between aortic valve sclerosis (AVS) and coronary artery disease (CAD) in a large and multicenter patient population with an overall low prevalence of CAD. We hypothesized that AVS could predict the presence and degree of CAD in patients with severe organic mitral regurgitation.
• International journal of cardiology.Int J Cardiol.2014 Mar 15;172(2):364-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.01.024. Epub 2014 Jan 22.
• There are no studies analyzing the association between aortic valve sclerosis (AVS) and coronary artery disease (CAD) in a large and multicenter patient population with an overall low prevalence of CAD. We hypothesized that AVS could predict the presence and degree of CAD in patients with severe org
• PMID 24512883

• Pathological Findings in 2 Cases of Fatal 25I-NBOMe Toxicity.

• Walterscheid JP1, Phillips GT, Lopez AE, Gonsoulin ML, Chen HH, Sanchez LA.Author information 1From the Harris County Institute of Forensic Sciences, Houston, TX.AbstractThe research compound 25I-NBOMe, also known as CIMBI-5 or INBMeO, was created in academic laboratories as a potent serotonin 2A receptor agonist. Because of its high affinity and ambiguous legal status, recreational drug enthusiasts have used this compound as a powerful alternative to other hallucinogenic drugs such as lysergic acid diethylamide. We report 2 deaths after 25I-NBOMe ingestion by decedents who attended separate "rave" parties. The first case involved a 21-year-old male who admitted taking "acid" to his friend. A sudden violent rage caused him to flail about, and he subsequently became unresponsive. The postmortem examination revealed numerous external injuries that were consistent with physical aggression. The second case involved a 15-year-old female who was socializing outside a rave party, became ill, and rapidly deteriorated as her friend transported her to the hospital. The postmortem assessment was similar to the first case in that external contusions featured prominently. Comprehensive toxicology screens in both cases revealed only evidence of marijuana use. A deeper analysis using time-of-flight mass spectrometry revealed the presence of 25I-NBOMe, which was further confirmed by tandem-mass spectrometry. The behavior and injuries in these cases reveal a consistent pattern preceding fatal 25I-NBOMe toxicity.
• The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology.Am J Forensic Med Pathol.2014 Mar;35(1):20-5. doi: 10.1097/PAF.0000000000000082.
• The research compound 25I-NBOMe, also known as CIMBI-5 or INBMeO, was created in academic laboratories as a potent serotonin 2A receptor agonist. Because of its high affinity and ambiguous legal status, recreational drug enthusiasts have used this compound as a powerful alternative to other hallucin
• PMID 24457586

• Traumatic ventricular septal defect and flail tricuspid valve: Successful management by an extracorporeal membrane oxygenator-supported hybrid approach.

• Ling FS1, Massey HT.Author information 1Division of Cardiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York.AbstractWe report the successful management of a critically ill patient with a traumatic ventricular septal defect (VSD) and flail tricuspid valve sustained in a motorcycle accident. Multiple orthopedic injuries prevented emergency cardiac surgery. The patient was stabilized by venous arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenator support which allowed initial orthopedic repair. Repair of his cardiac injuries was then accomplished using a hybrid approach of percutaneous VSD closure using an Amplatzer post myocardial infarction VSD occluder which was also coil embolized followed by surgical tricuspid valve replacement. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
• Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions.Catheter Cardiovasc Interv.2014 Mar 1;83(4):655-60. doi: 10.1002/ccd.25035. Epub 2013 Aug 31.
• We report the successful management of a critically ill patient with a traumatic ventricular septal defect (VSD) and flail tricuspid valve sustained in a motorcycle accident. Multiple orthopedic injuries prevented emergency cardiac surgery. The patient was stabilized by venous arterial extracorporea
• PMID 23728953

• Disseminated Neosartorya pseudofischeri Infection Associated With Tracheal Bronchus Post Lung Transplantation.

• Kelm D, Wylam M, Peters S, Wilhelm M, Scott J, Kennedy C.AbstractSESSION TITLE: Transplantation Case Report PosterSESSION TYPE: Case Report PosterPRESENTED ON: Sunday, March 23, 2014 at 01:15 PM - 02:15 PMINTRODUCTION: Neosartorya pseudofisheri is widely found in the soil and acquired by aeroinhalation. It is a distinct species, but morphologically similar to Aspergillus fumigatus. Although an uncommon human pathogen, it is primarily encountered in immunocompromised hosts.
• Chest.Chest.2014 Mar 1;145(3 Suppl):625A. doi: 10.1378/chest.1836172.
• SESSION TITLE: Transplantation Case Report PosterSESSION TYPE: Case Report PosterPRESENTED ON: Sunday, March 23, 2014 at 01:15 PM - 02:15 PMINTRODUCTION: Neosartorya pseudofisheri is widely found in the soil and acquired by aeroinhalation. It is a distinct species, but morphologically similar to Asp
• PMID 24638772

Japanese Journal

• 肋骨固定用プレートにより早期人工呼吸器離脱したフレイルチェストの１例

• 大島 康史,飯塚 亮二,市川 哲也,岡田 遥平,小田 和正,榊原 謙,石井 亘,檜垣 聡,日下部 虎夫
• 日本外傷学会雑誌 28(4), 332-335, 2014
• 　症例は69歳，女性，自宅で転倒し，外傷性くも膜下出血，左鎖骨骨折，左外傷性血気胸，左第２〜10肋骨骨折を伴ったフレイルチェストを受傷した．左第３肋骨の遊離骨片が不安定で胸腔内に突出し，肺損傷の合併の可能性が高いため，外科的治療を施行した．術翌日に人工呼吸器から離脱し，治療期間中に肺炎の発症も認めなかった．　フレイルチェストに対する肋骨固定用プレートを用いた治療は開胸を必要とせず，手術器械による肺 …
• NAID 130004699763

• Evaluation of Aortic Valve Replacement via the Right Parasternal Approach without Rib Removal

• Morisaki Akimasa,Hattori Koji,Kato Yasuyuki,Motoki Manabu,Takahashi Yosuke,Nishimura Shinsuke,Shibata Toshihiko
• Annals of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 2014
• … Background: Although right parasternal approach (RPA) decreases the incidence of mediastinal infection, this approach is associated with lung hernia and flail chest. …
• NAID 130004685660

• 遅発性気道出血に対し肺部分切除術を要した外傷性仮性肺嚢胞の1例

• 瀧口 徹,岩瀬 史明,小林 辰輔,宮崎 善史,牧 真彦,松本 学,加藤 頼子
• 日本救急医学会雑誌 25(1), 29-35, 2014
• 症例は47歳の男性。バイク走行中に普通乗用車と衝突し受傷した。ドクターカー接触時，SpO<SUB>2</SUB>の低下と動揺胸郭がみられたため気管挿管を行った。病院到着後に低酸素血症と右気胸のため，胸腔ドレーンを挿入した。CTでは右上葉と右下葉に巨大な外傷性仮性肺嚢胞を認めた。入院後，人工呼吸器管理を続け，呼吸状態は安定していたため徐々にウィーニングしたが，遅発性に嚢胞が拡 …
• NAID 130004542390

• 症例 頚髄症の術後に発症した筋萎縮性側索硬化症の一亜型flail arm syndromeの1例

• 河南 勝久,神谷 光広,千田 譲 [他]
• 整形・災害外科 56(8), 1019-1022, 2013-07
• NAID 40019742930

Related Links

• flailの意味 - goo辞書 英和和英

flailとは。意味や和訳。[名]（穀物を打つ）殻ざお. [動](他)1 …を殻ざおで打つ，連打する.2 〈腕などを〉激しく振り回す((about, around)). (自)激しく[不規則に]揺れる. - 40万項目以上収録、例文・コロケーションが豊富な無料英和 ...

• flailの意味・用例｜英辞郎 on the WEB：アルク

flail 【自動】連打する、殻ざおで打つ、激しく揺れる 【他動】～を殻ざおで打つ... - アルクがお届けする進化するオンライン英和・和英辞書データベース。一般的な単語や連語から、イディオム、専門用語、スラングまで幅広く収録。

• Flail | Definition of flail by Merriam-Webster

: a long-handled tool that was used in the past for beating wheat so that the grain would become separated from the wheat ... Definition of FLAIL for Kids 1: to wave the arms or legs wildly 2: to swing something with a violent motion

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