WordNet

annual herb or southern Europe and eastern Asia having off-white flowers and aromatic seeds used medicinally and in curry (同)Greek clover, Trigonella foenumgraecum
aromatic seeds used as seasoning especially in curry (同)fenugreek seed
Old World genus of frequently aromatic herbs (同)genus Trigonella

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/06/20 10:55:41」(JST)

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Fenugreek (/ˈfɛnjʉɡriːk/; Trigonella foenum-graecum) is an annual plant in the family Fabaceae with leaves consisting of three small obovate to oblong leaflets. It is cultivated worldwide as a semi-arid crop, and its seeds are a common ingredient in dishes from the Indian Subcontinent.

Regional names

Fenugreek is known as methi in [Gujarati language],[Marathi language|Marathi]] (मेथी), Oriya (Metthi), Punjabi (ਮੇਥੀ), ("Xulbad" in Somali) or (میتھی), Hindi (मेथी), Urdu(میتھی), Bengali (মেথি) and Nepali (मेथी), as menthiyam, and venthayam (வெந்தயம்) in Tamil, "uluhaal" (උළුහාල්) in Sinhala, ShOoT (שוט) in Hebrew, (çemen tozu) in Turkish, Malkhoza (ملخوزه) in Pashto, Helba (حلبة) in Arabic and Dari, Alholva in Spanish, Shanbelileh (شنبلیله) in Persian, menthya (ಮೆಂಥ್ಯ) in Kannada, uluwa (ഉലുവ) in Malayalam, moshoseitaro (μοσχοσίταρο) or (τριγωνέλλα) or (τήλις) in Greek, menthulu (మెంతులు) in Telugu and Abish (Ethio-Semitic).^{[citation needed]}

History

It is believed fenugreek was brought into cultivation in the Near East. While Zohary and Hopf are uncertain which wild strain of the genus Trigonella gave rise to domesticated fenugreek, charred fenugreek seeds have been recovered from Tell Halal, Iraq, (carbon dated to 4000 BC) and Bronze Age levels of Lachish and desiccated seeds from the tomb of Tutankhamen.^[2] Cato the Elder lists fenugreek with clover and vetch as crops grown to feed cattle.^[3]

Production

Major fenugreek-producing countries are Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Iran, Nepal, Bangladesh, Argentina, Egypt, France, Spain, Turkey and Morocco. The largest producer is India, where the major producing states are Rajasthan, Gujarat, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Haryana, and Punjab. Rajasthan accounts for over 80% of India's output.^[4]^[5]^{[dead link]}

Use

Cuisine

Fenugreek is used as an herb (dried or fresh leaves), spice (seeds), and vegetable (fresh leaves, sprouts, and microgreens). Sotolon is the chemical responsible for fenugreek's distinctive sweet smell.

Cuboid-shaped, yellow-to-amber colored fenugreek seeds are frequently encountered in the cuisines of the Indian subcontinent, used both whole and powdered in the preparation of pickles, vegetable dishes, daals, and spice mixes such as panch phoron and sambar powder. They are often roasted to reduce bitterness and enhance flavor.^[6]

Fresh fenugreek leaves are an ingredient in some Indian curries. Sprouted seeds and microgreens are used in salads. When harvested as microgreens, fenugreek is known as Samudra Methi in Maharashtra, especially in and around Mumbai, where it is often grown near the sea in the sandy tracts, hence the name (Samudra, "ocean" in Sanskrit).^[7] Samudra Methi is also grown in dry river beds in the Gangetic plains. When sold as a vegetable in India the young plants are harvested with their roots still attached and sold in small bundles in the markets and bazaars. Any remaining soil is washed off to extend their shelf life.

In Persian cuisine, fenugreek leaves are called شنبلیله (shanbalile). They are the key ingredient and one of several greens incorporated into ghormeh sabzi and Eshkeneh, often said to be the Iranian national dishes.

Fenugreek is used in Eritrean and Ethiopian cuisine.^[8] The word for fenugreek in Amharic is abesh (or abish), and the seed is used in Ethiopia as a natural herbal medicine in the treatment of diabetes.^[8]

Yemenite Jews following the interpretation of Rabbi Salomon Isaacides, Rashi, believe fenugreek, which they call hilbeh, hilba, helba, or halba (חילבה) is the Talmudic Rubia (רוביא). They use it to produce a sauce also called hilbeh,^[9] reminiscent of curry. It is consumed daily and ceremoniously during the meal of the first and/or second night of Rosh Hashana (Jewish New Year).^[10]

Nutritional profile

Fenugreek leaves contain the following nutrients per 100 g of edible portion:^[11]^[12]

Carbohydrates: 6.0 g
Protein: 4.4 g
Fat: 0.9 g
Minerals: 1.5 g
Calcium: 395 mg
Phosphorus: 51 mg
Iron: 1.93 mg
Total energy: 49 kcal

Safety

Fenugreek sprouts, cultivated from contaminated seeds imported from Egypt in 2009 and 2010, were implicated but not definitively linked to outbreaks of Escherichia coli O104:H4 in Germany and France. The E. coli outbreak caused 50 deaths in 2011.^[13]^[14]

References

^ "Trigonella foenum-graecum information from NPGS/GRIN". www.ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2008-03-13.
^ Daniel Zohary and Maria Hopf (2000). Domestication of plants in the Old World (Third ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 122.
^ Cato the Elder. De Agri Cultura. p. 27.
^ V. A. Parthasarathy, K. Kandinnan and V. Srinivasan (ed.). "Fenugreek". Organic Spices. New India Publishing Agencies. p. 694.
^ Statistics
^ "Fenugreek recipes". BBC Food.
^ "How to Series: Growing Methi (Fenugreek)". A blog called "Fenugreek Love". Retrieved 2 March 2011.
^ ^a ^b Gall, Alevtina; Zerihun Shenkute (November 3, 2009). "Ethiopian Traditional and Herbal Medications and their Interactions with Conventional Drugs". EthnoMed. University of Washington. Retrieved January 27, 2011.
^ "Hilba (Fenugreek_paste)". cookipedia.co.uk.
^ This is based on the assumption that the Aramaic name רוביא corresponds to it. (Karetot 6a; Horiyot 12a) Rabbenu Nissim at the end of Rosh Hashana, citing the custom of R Hai Gaon. This follows Rashi's translation of רוביא, cited as authoritative by Tur and Shulchan Aruch OC 583:1. But Avudraham interprets רוביא as black-eyed peas.
^ C.Gopalan, B.V. Ramasastri and S.C. Balasubramaniyam. Nutritive value of Indian food. National Institute of Nutrition, ICMR Hydrabad.
^ Sharma, RD; Raghuram, TC; Rao, NS (1990). "Effect of fenugreek seeds on blood glucose and serum lipids in type I diabetes". European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 44 (4): 301–6. PMID 2194788. edit
^ "E. coli outbreaks linked to Egypt". BBC News. 2011-06-30.
^ McKenna, Maryn (2011-07-07). "E. coli: A Risk for 3 More Years From Who Knows Where". Wired.

External links

Look up fenugreek in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Fenugreek Seeds for Healthy Shiny Hair Read and Digest
Fenugreek, Gernot Katzer's spice dictionary
About Herbs, Botanicals & Other Products, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center
Encyclopedia of Spices

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Physicochemical characterization and toxicological evaluation of plant-based anionic polymers and their nanoparticulated system for ocular delivery.

Pathak D1, Kumar P, Kuppusamy G, Gupta A, Kamble B, Wadhwani A.
Nanotoxicology.Nanotoxicology.2014 Dec;8(8):843-55. doi: 10.3109/17435390.2013.834996. Epub 2013 Sep 18.
The water-soluble fractions of mucilages and gum from the seeds of fenugreek, isphagula and mango bark exudate were isolated, purified and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), maldi/GC-MS, elemental analysis, 1D ((1)H and (13)C) a
PMID 23952497

Trigonella foenum-graecum L. seed mucilage-gellan mucoadhesive beads for controlled release of metformin HCl.

Nayak AK1, Pal D2.
Carbohydrate polymers.Carbohydr Polym.2014 Jul 17;107:31-40. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.02.031. Epub 2014 Feb 18.
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) seed mucilage (FSM)-gellan gum (GG) mucoadhesive beads containing metformin HCl for oral use were developed through ionotropic-gelation technique. Effects of GG to FSM ratio and cross-linker (CaCl2) concentration on the drug encapsulation efficiency (DEE, %),
PMID 24702915

Development and validation of a duplex real-time PCR assay for the simultaneous detection of three mustard species (Sinapis alba, Brassica nigra and Brassica juncea) in food.

Palle-Reisch M1, Cichna-Markl M2, Hochegger R3.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2014 Jun 15;153:66-73. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.12.035. Epub 2013 Dec 12.
The paper presents a duplex real-time PCR assay for the simultaneous detection of three potentially allergenic mustard species commonly used in food: white mustard (Sinapis alba), black mustard (Brassica nigra) and brown mustard (Brassica juncea). White mustard is detected in the "green" and black/b
PMID 24491701

Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used by people in Oriental Morocco to manage various ailments.

Jamila F1, Mostafa E2.
Journal of ethnopharmacology.J Ethnopharmacol.2014 May 28;154(1):76-87. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.03.016. Epub 2014 Mar 29.
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: This document presents the uses of plants in traditional herbal medicines in Oriental Morocco. It also determines the homogeneity of informant knowledge in medicinal plants suitable for different ailment categories and the most preferred plant species used to treat ea
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Japanese Journal

苦味低減化フェヌグリークの機能性 (特集スパイスの機能性をどう活かすか)

柘植信昭
食品と開発 46(8), 18-20, 2011-08
NAID 40018944331

Toxicity Threshold Limits of Cadmium for Leafy Vegetables Raised on Mollisol Amended with Varying Levels of Farmyard Manure(Symposium 3.5.1 Heavy Metal Contaminated Soils,<Special Issue>International Symposium: Soil Degradation Control, Remediation, and Reclamation, Tokyo Metropolitan University Symposium Series No.2, 2010)

JOSHI Deepali,SRIVASTAVA Prakash Chandra,SRIVASTAVA Prashant
ペドロジスト 54(3), 249-256, 2011-04
… In greenhouse experiments, the toxicity threshold limits of cadmium (Cd) were evaluated for amaranthus, fenugreek and buckwheat grown in a mollisol fertilized with varying levels of farmyard manure (FYM). … dry matter in fenugreek and 6.4, 21.0, 16.0mg Cd kg^<-1> … soil for fenugreek and 2.8, 12.5 and 19.0mg Cd kg^<-1> … soil for fenugreek and 1.6, 11.5 and 6.9mg Cd kg^<-1> …
NAID 110008896946

A novel L-isoleucine metabolism in Bacillus thuringiensis generating (2S,3R,4S)-4-hydroxyisoleucine, a potential insulinotropic and anti-obesity amino acid.

Ogawa Jun,Kodera Tomohiro,Smirnov Sergey V,Hibi Makoto,Samsonova Natalia N,Koyama Ryoukichi,Yamanaka Hiroyuki,Mano Junichi,Kawashima Takashi,Yokozeki Kenzo,Shimizu Sakayu
Applied microbiology and biotechnology 89(6), 1929-1938, 2011-03
… 4-Hydroxyisoleucine (HIL) found in fenugreek seeds has insulinotropic and anti-obesity effects and is expected to be a novel orally active drug for insulin-independent diabetes. …
NAID 80021864881

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「コロハ」「Trigonella」「Trigonella foenum-graecum」

「コロハ」

Fenugreek
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Rosids
Order:	Fabales
Family:	Fabaceae
Genus:	Trigonella
Species:	T. foenum-graecum
Binomial name
	Trigonella foenum-graecum; L.