WordNet

make ones way by force; "He muscled his way into the office"
animal tissue consisting predominantly of contractile cells (同)muscular_tissue
one of the contractile organs of the body (同)musculus
authority or power or force (especially when used in a coercive way); "the senators used their muscle to get the party leader to resign"
of or pertaining to the outside surface of an object
care for the face that usually involves cleansing and massage and the application of cosmetic creams
cranial nerve that supplies facial muscles (同)facial_nerve, nervus_facialis, seventh_cranial_nerve
of or concerning the face; "a facial massage"; "facial hair"; "facial expression"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉(動物体の組織としての)『筋肉』,筋(きん);〈C〉(体の各部を動かす)筋肉 / 〈U〉力,(特に)筋力,腕力 / 《俗に》(…に)強引に割り込む《+『in on』(『into, through』)+『名』》
顔の;顔用の / (マッサージや化粧品による)顔の手入れ

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/05/01 22:02:48」(JST)

wiki en

The facial muscles are a group of striated skeletal muscles innervated by the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) that, among other things, control facial expression. These muscles are also called mimetic muscles.

Structure

The facial muscles are subcutaneous (just under the skin) muscles that control facial expression. They generally originate from the surface of the skull bone (rarely the fascia), and insert on the skin of the face. When they contract, the skin moves. These muscles also cause wrinkles at right angles to the muscles’ action line. Use of these muscles is noted during an extraoral examination, assuring function of the nerve to these muscles.^[1]

Innervation

The facial muscles are innervated by facial nerve (cranial nerve VII), with each nerve serving one side of the face.^[1] In contrast, the nearby masticatory muscles are innervated by the mandibular nerve, a branch of the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V).

Development

The facial muscles are derived from the second branchial/pharyngeal arch.

List of muscles

The facial muscles include:^[2]

Occipitofrontalis muscle
Temporoparietalis muscle
Procerus muscle
Nasalis muscle
Depressor septi nasi muscle
Orbicularis oculi muscle
Corrugator supercilii muscle
Depressor supercilii muscle
Auricular muscles (anterior, superior and posterior)
Orbicularis oris muscle
Depressor anguli oris muscle
Risorius
Zygomaticus major muscle
Zygomaticus minor muscle
Levator labii superioris
Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle
Depressor labii inferioris muscle
Levator anguli oris
Buccinator muscle
Mentalis

The platysma is innervated by the facial nerve. Although it is mostly in the neck and can be grouped with the neck muscles by location, it can be considered a muscle of facial expression due to its common innervation.

The stylohyoid muscle, stapedius and posterior belly of the digastric muscle are also innervated by the facial nerve, but are not considered muscles of facial expression.

Clinical relevance

An inability to form facial expressions on one side of the face may be the first sign of damage to the nerve of these muscles. Damage to the facial nerve results in facial paralysis of the muscles of facial expression on the involved side. Paralysis is the loss of voluntary muscle action; the facial nerve has become damaged permanently or temporarily. This damage can occur with a stroke (cerebrovascular accident or CVA), Bell palsy, or parotid salivary gland cancer (malignant neoplasm) because the facial nerve travels through the gland. The parotid gland can also be damaged permanently by surgery or temporarily by trauma. These situations of paralysis not only inhibit facial expression but also seriously impair the patient’s ability to speak, either permanently or temporarily.^[1]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Illustrated Anatomy of the Head and Neck, Fehrenbach and Herring, Elsevier, 2012, page 89
^ Kyung Won, PhD. Chung (2005). Gross Anatomy (Board Review). Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 364. ISBN 0-7817-5309-0.

External links

ARTNATOMY: Anatomical Basis of Facial Expression Learning Tool
lesson1 at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University)

UpToDate Contents

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1. 小児における顔面神経麻痺 facial nerve palsy in children
2. ベル麻痺：成人における病因、臨床的特徴、および診断 bells palsy pathogenesis clinical features and diagnosis in adults
3. 頭頸部皮膚切除における解剖学的危険部位 anatomic danger zones in cutaneous surgery of the head and neck
4. 重症筋無力症の臨床症状 clinical manifestations of myasthenia gravis
5. 成人における顔面外傷 facial trauma in adults

English Journal

A finite element model of the face including an orthotropic skin model under in vivo tension.

Flynn C1, Stavness I, Lloyd J, Fels S.
Computer methods in biomechanics and biomedical engineering.Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin.2015 May;18(6):571-82. doi: 10.1080/10255842.2013.820720. Epub 2013 Aug 6.
Computer models of the human face have the potential to be used as powerful tools in surgery simulation and animation development applications. While existing models accurately represent various anatomical features of the face, the representation of the skin and soft tissues is very simplified. A co
PMID 23919890

The lateral plate mesoderm: a novel source of skeletal muscle.

Pu Q1, Patel K, Huang R.
Results and problems in cell differentiation.Results Probl Cell Differ.2015;56:143-63. doi: 10.1007/978-3-662-44608-9_7.
It has been established in the last century that the skeletal muscle cells of vertebrates originate from the paraxial mesoderm. However, recently the lateral plate mesoderm has been identified as a novel source of the skeletal muscle. The branchiomeric muscles, such as masticatory and facial muscles
PMID 25344670

Parallel pathways from motor and somatosensory cortex for controlling whisker movements in mice.

Sreenivasan V1, Karmakar K, Rijli FM, Petersen CC.
The European journal of neuroscience.Eur J Neurosci.2014 Dec 5. doi: 10.1111/ejn.12800. [Epub ahead of print]
Mice can gather tactile sensory information by actively moving their whiskers to palpate objects in their immediate surroundings. Whisker sensory perception therefore requires integration of sensory and motor information, which occurs prominently in the neocortex. The signalling pathways from the ne
PMID 25476605

Japanese Journal

Central Neural Mechanisms Involved in the Control of Jaw Movement during Postnatal Development

Showa Univ J Med Sci 29(3), 221-229, 2017-09
NAID 120006367473

筋電位解析による楽器演奏の上達メカニズムの解明～電極・測定方法の検討～(学内特別研究および国外研修)--(学内特別研究費報告書)

日本工業大学研究報告 = Report of researches, Nippon Institute of Technology 47(2), 60-61, 2017-09
NAID 120006349996

楽器吹奏時の筋活動と演奏音の関係に関する研究(学内特別研究および国外研修)

日本工業大学研究報告 = Report of researches, Nippon Institute of Technology 46(4), 39-42, 2017-02
NAID 120006010723

「表情筋」

Facial muscles
	Head
	Lateral head anatomy
Details
Latin	musculi faciei
Nerve	facial nerve
Identifiers
Dorlands; /Elsevier	m_22/12548981
TA	A04.1.03.001
FMA	71288
	Anatomical terms of muscle