WordNet

make ones way by force; "He muscled his way into the office"
animal tissue consisting predominantly of contractile cells (同)muscular_tissue
one of the contractile organs of the body (同)musculus
authority or power or force (especially when used in a coercive way); "the senators used their muscle to get the party leader to resign"
of or pertaining to the outside surface of an object
care for the face that usually involves cleansing and massage and the application of cosmetic creams
cranial nerve that supplies facial muscles (同)facial_nerve, nervus_facialis, seventh_cranial_nerve
of or concerning the face; "a facial massage"; "facial hair"; "facial expression"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉(動物体の組織としての)『筋肉』,筋(きん);〈C〉(体の各部を動かす)筋肉 / 〈U〉力,(特に)筋力,腕力 / 《俗に》(…に)強引に割り込む《+『in on』(『into, through』)+『名』》
顔の;顔用の / (マッサージや化粧品による)顔の手入れ
筋肉の,筋力のある / 力ずくの

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/11/27 10:03:03」(JST)

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The facial muscles are a group of striated skeletal muscles innervated by the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) that, among other things, control facial expression. These muscles are also called mimetic muscles.

Structure and Actions[edit]

The facial muscles are subcutaneous (just under the skin) muscles that control facial expression. They generally originate from the surface of the skull bone (rarely the fascia), and insert on the skin of the face. When they contract, the skin moves. These muscles also cause wrinkles at right angles to the muscles’ action line. Use of these muscles is noted during an extraoral examination, assuring function of the nerve to these muscles.^[1]

Innervation[edit]

The facial muscles are innervated by facial nerve (cranial nerve VII), with each nerve serving one side of the face.^[1] In contrast, the nearby masticatory muscles are innervated by the mandibular nerve, a branch of the trigeminal nerve (V) cranial nerve.

Development[edit]

The facial muscles are derived from the second branchial/pharyngeal arch.

List of muscles[edit]

The facial muscles include:^[2]

Occipitofrontalis
Temporoparietalis muscle
Procerus
Nasalis muscle
Depressor septi nasi
Orbicularis oculi
Corrugator supercilii
Depressor supercilii
Auricular muscles (anterior, superior and posterior)
Orbicularis oris
Depressor anguli oris
Risorius
Zygomaticus major
Zygomaticus minor
Levator labii superioris
Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
Depressor labii inferioris
Levator anguli oris
Buccinator
Mentalis

The platysma is innervated by the facial nerve. Although it is mostly in the neck and can be grouped with the neck muscles by location, it can be considered a muscle of facial expression due to its common innervation.

The stylohyoid muscle, stapedius and posterior belly of the digastric muscle are also innervated by the facial nerve, but are not considered muscles of facial expression.

Pathology[edit]

An inability to form facial expressions on one side of the face may be the first sign of damage to the nerve of these muscles. Damage to the facial nerve results in facial paralysis of the muscles of facial expression on the involved side. Paralysis is the loss of voluntary muscle action; the facial nerve has become damaged permanently or temporarily. This damage can occur with a stroke (cerebrovascular accident or CVA), Bell palsy, or parotid salivary gland cancer (malignant neoplasm) because the facial nerve travels through the gland. The parotid gland can also be damaged permanently by surgery or temporarily by trauma. These situations of paralysis not only inhibit facial expression but also seriously impair the patient’s ability to speak, either permanently or temporarily.^[1]

References[edit]

^ ^a ^b ^c Illustrated Anatomy of the Head and Neck, Fehrenbach and Herring, Elsevier, 2012, page 89
^ Kyung Won, PhD. Chung (2005). Gross Anatomy (Board Review). Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 364. ISBN 0-7817-5309-0.

External links[edit]

ARTNATOMY: Anatomical Basis of Facial Expression Learning Tool
lesson1 at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University)

UpToDate Contents

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1. 成人における詳細な神経学的検査 the detailed neurologic examination in adults
2. 成人における顔面外傷 facial trauma in adults
3. ベル麻痺：成人における病因、臨床的特徴、および診断 bells palsy pathogenesis clinical features and diagnosis in adults
4. 頭頸部皮膚切除における解剖学的危険部位 anatomic danger zones in cutaneous surgery of the head and neck
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Aesthetic uses of the botulinum toxin.

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Noma and cervico-facial necrotizing fasciitis: clinicopathological differentiation and an illustrative case report of noma.

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Late diagnosis of lateral meningocele syndrome in a 55-year-old woman with symptoms of joint instability and chronic musculoskeletal pain.

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Japanese Journal

自律神経不全症候で発症したT細胞性悪性リンパ腫の1例

田口宗太郎,中村友彦,山田孝子,髙御堂弘,道勇学,髙橋昭
臨床神経学 55(1), 29-32, 2015
症例は61歳の男性である．感冒様症状に続き，便秘，座位での眼前暗黒感，嘔気が出現．座位にて顕著な血圧低下あり．末梢神経伝導検査（NCS），心電図CVR-R，MIBG心筋シンチ心縦隔比は正常．血中LD，IL-2Rの高値と脊椎MRIから腫瘍がうたがわれた．傍腫瘍性自律神経ニューロパチーを考えたが原発巣不明．発症2ヵ月後，四肢遠位部手袋靴下型感覚障害と筋力低下が発現し増悪，発症4ヵ月後のNCSで異常を呈 …
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Brief Clinical Note : A novel mutation in glycyl-tRNA synthetase caused Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2D with facial and respiratory muscle involvement