実行者、遂行者

WordNet

an official who inflicts capital punishment in pursuit of a warrant (同)public executioner
(computer science) the process of carrying out an instruction by a computer (同)instruction execution
putting a condemned person to death (同)executing, capital_punishment, death penalty
the act of accomplishing some aim or executing some order; "the agency was created for the implementation of the policy" (同)implementation, carrying out
(law) the completion of a legal instrument (such as a contract or deed) by signing it (and perhaps sealing and delivering it) so that it becomes legally binding and enforceable (同)execution of instrument
a routine court order that attempts to enforce the judgment that has been granted to a plaintiff by authorizing a sheriff to carry it out (同)writ of execution

PrepTutorEJDIC

死刑執行人
〈U〉(命令・任務などの)『実行』,遂行《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉〈C〉死刑執行,処刑 / 〈U〉(芸術品の)制作,できばえ;演奏[ぶり];演技 / 〈U〉(遺言などの)執行《+『of』+『名』》

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2019/07/24 18:17:26」(JST)

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Symbolic robed figure of a medieval public executioner at Peter and Paul Fortress, Saint Petersburg, Russia

Photograph (hand-coloured), original dated 1898, of The Lord High Executioner of the former princely state of Rewah, Central India, with large executioner's sword (Tegha sword)

Depiction of a public execution in Brueghel's The Triumph of Death 1562-1563

Depiction of the public execution of pirates in Hamburg, Germany, 10 September 1573

An executioner, also known as a public executioner, is a person who officially inflicts capital punishment ordered by the state or other legal authority, which was known in feudal terminology as high justice.^[1]^[2]

Scope and job

The executioner was usually presented with a warrant authorizing or ordering him to execute the sentence. The warrant protects the executioner from the charge of murder. Common terms for executioners derived from forms of capital punishment—though they often also performed other physical punishments—include hangman (hanging) and headsman (beheading). In the military, the role of executioner was performed by a soldier, such as the provost. A common stereotype of an executioner is a hooded medieval or absolutist executioner. Symbolic or real, executioners were rarely hooded, and not robed in all black; hoods were only used if an executioner's identity and anonymity were to be preserved from the public. As Hilary Mantel noted in her 2018 Reith Lectures, "Why would an executioner wear a mask? Everybody knew who he was".

While this task can be occasional in nature, it can be carried out in the line of more general duty by an officer of the court, the police, prison staff, or even the military. A special case is the tradition of the Roman fustuarium, continued in forms of running the gauntlet, where the culprit receives his punishment from the hands of the comrades gravely harmed by his crime, e.g. for failing in vital sentinel duty or stealing from a ship's limited food supply.

Many executioners were professional specialists who traveled a circuit or region performing their duty, because executions were rarely very numerous. Within this region, a resident executioner would also administer non-lethal physical punishments, or apply torture. In medieval Europe, to the end of the early modern period, executioners were often knackers,^[3] since pay from the rare executions was not enough to live off.

In medieval Europe executioners also taxed lepers and prostitutes, and controlled gaming houses. They were also in charge of the latrines and cesspools, and disposing of animal carcasses.^[4]

The term is extended to administrators of severe physical punishment that is not prescribed to kill, but which may result in death.

Executions in France (using the guillotine since the French Revolution) persisted until 1977, and the French Republic had an official executioner; the last one, Marcel Chevalier, served until the formal abolition of capital punishment in 1981.^[5]

In society

In Western Europe and its colonies, executioners were often shunned by their neighbours, with their work as knackers also disreputable.^[3] In Alexandre Dumas' The Three Musketeers and in the film La veuve de Saint-Pierre (The Widow of Saint-Peter), minor character executioners are ostracized by the villagers.

The profession of executioner sometimes ran through a family, especially in France, where the Sanson family provided six executioners between 1688 and 1847 and the Deibler dynasty provided five between 1879 and its 1981 abolition. The latter's members included Louis Deibler, his son Anatole, Anatole's nephew Jules-Henri Desfourneaux, his other nephew André Obrecht, and André's nephew Marcel Chevalier.^[6]

In Britain, the most notable dynasty was the Pierrepoints, who provided three executioners between 1902 and 1956 – Henry, his brother Thomas, and Henry's son Albert. Unlike in France and many other European countries, far from being shunned, British executioners such as William Marwood, James Berry, Albert Pierrepoint, and Harry Allen were widely known and respected by the public.

In Japan, executioners have been held in contempt as part of the burakumin class (today executions in Japan are not carried out by professional executioners, but by prison guards). In Memories of Silk and Straw, by Junichi Saga, one of the families surveyed in the Japanese village of Tsuchiura is that of an executioner family ("The Last Executioner", p. 54). This family does suffer social isolation, even though the family is somewhat well-off financially.

In the Ottoman Empire, only Romani could be executioners. Executioners were seen as "damned" people and even their graveyards were separate from public graveyards. There were no inscriptions on executioner tombstones, and usually uncarved and unpolished simple rough stones were used. One of the oldest and largest "executioner graveyards" is in the Eyüp district in Istanbul. After the republican revolution in Turkey, executions continued to be performed by Romani executioners. This situation continued until the abolition of capital punishment in Turkey.

Gallery

Robed figure of a medieval public executioner at the Museum of Torture in San Marino
Robed figure of a medieval public executioner at the Museum of Torture, in Żywiec, Poland
Robed figure of a medieval public executioner at the Museum of Biecz Region in Biecz, Poland
Robed figure of a medieval public executioner in Ogrodzieniec Castle, Poland
Print of Execution of King Charles I of England 1649; the executioner is masked
17th century executioner's sword, Germany ca. 1600
High Court Executioner's sword with Christian epigram, ca. 1760 Salzburg, Austria, on display next to a Bishop's staff. The executioner's sword is designed as a cutting weapon rather than stabbing, forged of brass and iron

References

^ Harrington, J.F. (2013). The Faithful Executioner: Life and Death, Honor and Shame in the Turbulent Sixteenth Century. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-8090-4993-6. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
^ Record of the Year: A Reference Scrap Book. G. W. Carleton and Company. 1876. p. 179. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
^ ^a ^b Evans, Richard (1998). Tales from the German Underworld: Crime and Punishment in the Nineteenth Century. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-300-07224-2.
^ "The Executioners Who Inherited Their Jobs". Smithsonian.
^ Clarke, P.; Hardy, L.; Williams, A. (2008). Executioners (in Swedish). Book Sales. pp. 374–380. ISBN 978-0-7088-0366-0. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
^ Gerould, D.C. (1992). Guillotine, Its Legend and Lore. Blast Books. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-922233-02-1. Retrieved 16 September 2018. The job of executioner had become part-time. Henri Desfourneaux's two assistants also worked as a butcher and a hairdresser — fitting sidelines to their decapitating functions. The last guillotine operator, Marcel Chevalier, incumbent from ...

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1. 濾胞性リンパ腫の病理生物学 pathobiology of follicular lymphoma
2. パーキンソン病の病因および発症機序 etiology and pathogenesis of parkinson disease

English Journal

Anti-tumour activity of a novel coumarin-chalcone hybrid is mediated through intrinsic apoptotic pathway by inducing PUMA and altering Bax/Bcl-2 ratio.

Singh N1, Sarkar J, Sashidhara KV, Ali S, Sinha S.Author information 1Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, 226 031, India.AbstractCoumarins and chalcones are secondary plant metabolites which have shown an array of pharmacological properties including anti-tumour activity. We have previously reported on the synthesis and anti-proliferative activity of a series of novel coumarin-chalcone hybrids. Now we report on the in vivo efficacy as well as mechanism of action of the most potent molecule of the series, S009-131. Oral administration of this molecule resulted in regression of tumours induced by HeLa cell xenografts in nod SCID mice. The molecule inhibited proliferation of cervical cancer cells (HeLa and C33A) by inducing apoptosis and arresting cell cycle at G2/M phase. Apoptosis was induced through induction of caspase-dependent intrinsic pathway and alterations in the cellular levels of Bcl-2 family proteins. The mitochondrial transmembrane potential got highly depleted in S009-131 treated cells due to an increase in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and intracellular ROS. The molecule induced release of cytochrome c into the cytosol and activation of initiator caspase-9 and executioner caspases-3/7. Tumour suppressor protein p53 and its transcriptional target PUMA were up regulated, suggesting their role in mediating the cell death. These results suggest that S009-131 is a potent candidate for the chemotherapy of cervical carcinoma.
Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death.Apoptosis.2014 Mar 18. [Epub ahead of print]
Coumarins and chalcones are secondary plant metabolites which have shown an array of pharmacological properties including anti-tumour activity. We have previously reported on the synthesis and anti-proliferative activity of a series of novel coumarin-chalcone hybrids. Now we report on the in vivo ef
PMID 24638227

Thapsigargin blocks Pseudomonas aeruginosa homoserine lactone-induced apoptosis in airway epithelia.

Schwarzer C1, Ravishankar B, Patanwala M, Shuai S, Fu Z, Illek B, Fischer H, Machen TE.Author information 1University of California at Berkeley.AbstractPseudomonas aeruginosa secrete N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-homoserine lactone (C12) as a quorum-sensing molecule to regulate gene expression, and micromolar concentrations are found in the airway surface liquid of infected lungs. Exposure of the airway surface to C12 caused a sudden loss of transepithelial resistance (RT) within one hour, and was characterized by a degradation and relocation of the tight junction protein ZO-1 from the apical to the basolateral pole of polarized human airway cultures (Calu-3 and primary tracheal epithelia). These effects were blocked by ZVAD-fmk, a pancaspase blocker, indicating that tight junction degradation was an early event in C12-triggered apoptosis. Short-time (10 min) pretreatment with thapsigargin (1 uM), an inhibitor of Ca2+ uptake into the ER, was found to be protective against the C12-induced airway epithelial barrier breakdown, and also against other apoptosis-related effects including activation of caspase 3/7 (executioner caspases in apoptosis), release of endoplasmic reticulum-targeted roGFP into the cytosol and depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential. Pretreatment of Calu-3 airway cell monolayers with BAPTA/AM (to buffer cytosolic [Ca2+] (Cacyto) or Ca2+-free solutions + BAPTA/AM reduced C12-activation of apoptotic events, suggesting that C12-triggered apoptosis may involve Ca2+. Because C12 and thapsigargin both reduced [Ca2+] in the endoplasmic reticulum (Caer) and increased Cacyto, while thapsigarin increased mitochondrial [Ca2+] (Camito) and C12 reduced Camito, it is proposed that thapsigargin, may reduce C12-induced apoptosis in host cells not by raising Cacyto but by preventing C12-induced decreases in Camito.
American journal of physiology. Cell physiology.Am J Physiol Cell Physiol.2014 Mar 5. [Epub ahead of print]
Pseudomonas aeruginosa secrete N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-homoserine lactone (C12) as a quorum-sensing molecule to regulate gene expression, and micromolar concentrations are found in the airway surface liquid of infected lungs. Exposure of the airway surface to C12 caused a sudden loss of transepithelial
PMID 24598360

A novel mitochondrial nuclease-associated protein: A major executor of the programmed nuclear death in Tetrahymena thermophila.

Osada E1, Akematsu T, Asano T, Endoh H.Author information 1Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.AbstractBACKGROUND INFORMATION: Programmed nuclear death (PND) in the ciliate Tetrahymena is an apoptosis-like phenomenon that occurs in a restricted space of cytoplasm during conjugation. In the process, only the parental macronucleus is selectively eliminated from the progeny cytoplasm, in conjunction with differentiation of new macronuclei for the next generation. For the last decade, mitochondria have been elucidated to be a crucial executioner like apoptosis: apoptosis-inducing factor and yet-unidentified nucleases localised in mitochondria are major factors for PND.
Biology of the cell / under the auspices of the European Cell Biology Organization.Biol Cell.2014 Mar;106(3):97-109. doi: 10.1111/boc.201300037. Epub 2014 Feb 6.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION: Programmed nuclear death (PND) in the ciliate Tetrahymena is an apoptosis-like phenomenon that occurs in a restricted space of cytoplasm during conjugation. In the process, only the parental macronucleus is selectively eliminated from the progeny cytoplasm, in conjunction wit
PMID 24392831

Japanese Journal

中世における武士の死刑執行人について

文化史学 (69), 1-28, 2013-11
NAID 40019892027

三島由紀夫とアメリカ--ノーマン・メイラーの『死刑執行官の歌』との対比において

言語と文化 (8), 95-116, 2011-01
NAID 120002851575

Overexpression of Hematopoietically Expressed Homeoprotein Induces Nonapoptotic Cell Death in Mouse Prechondrogenic ATDC5 Cells

Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 34(10), 1589-1595, 2011
NAID 130001086592

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「実行者」「遂行者」
関連記事	「execution」

「実行者」

　　[★]

英: executioner
関: 遂行者

「遂行者」

　　[★]

英: executioner
関: 実行者

「execution」

　　[★]

n.

遂行、実行、完成

関: carry out、complete、completion、execute、implement、implementation、perform、performance、practice、run

[Harrington_2013_p._27-1] Harrington, J.F. (2013). The Faithful Executioner: Life and Death, Honor and Shame in the Turbulent Sixteenth Century. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-8090-4993-6. Retrieved 16 September 2018.

[Record_of_the_Year:_A_Reference_Scrap_Book_1876_p._179-2] Record of the Year: A Reference Scrap Book. G. W. Carleton and Company. 1876. p. 179. Retrieved 16 September 2018.

[TFTGU-3] Evans, Richard (1998). Tales from the German Underworld: Crime and Punishment in the Nineteenth Century. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-300-07224-2.

[4] "The Executioners Who Inherited Their Jobs". Smithsonian.

[Clarke_Hardy_Williams_2008-5] Clarke, P.; Hardy, L.; Williams, A. (2008). Executioners (in Swedish). Book Sales. pp. 374–380. ISBN 978-0-7088-0366-0. Retrieved 16 September 2018.

[Gerould_1992_p._78-6] Gerould, D.C. (1992). Guillotine, Its Legend and Lore. Blast Books. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-922233-02-1. Retrieved 16 September 2018. The job of executioner had become part-time. Henri Desfourneaux's two assistants also worked as a butcher and a hairdresser — fitting sidelines to their decapitating functions. The last guillotine operator, Marcel Chevalier, incumbent from ...

v t e Capital punishment
Retentionist countries	Afghanistan Bahamas Bangladesh Belarus Botswana China Cuba Egypt India Indonesia Iran Iraq Jamaica Japan Jordan Lebanon Malaysia Nigeria North Korea Pakistan Saint Kitts and Nevis Saudi Arabia Singapore Somalia Sudan Syria Taiwan Thailand United Arab Emirates United States Vietnam Yemen
Abolitionist in practice countries	Brunei Kenya Laos Maldives Papua New Guinea Russia South Korea Sri Lanka Tajikistan Tonga
Abolitionist for ordinary crimes only	Kazakhstan Brazil Guatemala Israel Peru
Abolitionist countries	Albania Andorra Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Belgium Bhutan Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Cambodia Canada Cape Verde Costa Rica Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hong Kong Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kyrgyzstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macau Malta Mexico Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Nauru Nepal Netherlands New Zealand North Macedonia Norway Philippines Poland Portugal Romania San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia South Africa Spain Suriname Sweden Switzerland Turkey Turkmenistan Ukraine United Kingdom Uzbekistan Vatican City Venezuela
Current methods	Hanging Shooting/firing squad Lethal injection Electrocution Gas inhalation Beheading Stoning Crucifixion
Ancient methods	Bestiarii Damnatio ad bestias Blood eagle Blowing from a gun Brazen bull Boiling Breaking wheel Burial Burning Crushing Disembowelment Dismemberment Drowning Republican marriage Elephant Falling Flaying Garrote Hanged, drawn and quartered Immurement Impalement Ishikozume Mazzatello Sawing Scaphism Slow slicing Stoning Suffocation in ash Upright jerker Waist chop
Related topics	Use by country Most recent executions by country Crime Death row Final statement Last meal Penology Religion and capital punishment Wrongful execution Capital punishment for drug trafficking

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