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(medicine) the act of caring for someone (as by medication or remedial training etc.); "the quarterback is undergoing treatment for a knee injury"; "he tried every treatment the doctors suggested"; "heat therapy gave the best relief"
a general term for female steroid sex hormones that are secreted by the ovary and responsible for typical female sexual characteristics (同)oestrogen

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(病気の)治療,療法 / =psychotherapy
エストロゲン(動物の雌を発情させる卵胞ホルモン)(《英》oestrogen)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/12/04 15:55:36」(JST)

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"Estrogen therapy" redirects here. For the use of estrogens in cancer treatment, see Estrogen therapy (oncology).

Hormone replacement therapy refers to any form of hormone therapy wherein the patient, in the course of medical treatment, receives hormones, either to supplement a lack of naturally occurring hormones, or to substitute other hormones for naturally occurring hormones. Common forms of hormone replacement therapy include:

Hormone replacement therapy for menopause is based on the idea that the treatment may prevent discomfort caused by diminished circulating estrogen and progesterone hormones, or in the case of the surgically or prematurely menopausal, that it may prolong life and may reduce incidence of dementia.^[1] It involves the use of one or more of a group of medications designed to artificially boost hormone levels. The main types of hormones involved are estrogens, progesterone or progestins, and sometimes testosterone. It often referred to as "treatment" rather than therapy.
Hormone replacement therapy for transgender people introduces hormones associated with the gender that the patient identifies with (notably testosterone for trans men and estrogen for trans women). Some intersex people may also receive HRT. Cross-sex hormone treatment for transgender individuals is divided into two main types: hormone replacement therapy (female-to-male) and hormone replacement therapy (male-to-female).
Androgen replacement therapy (andropausal and ergogenic use) is a hormone treatment often prescribed to counter the effects of male hypogonadism. It is also prescribed to lessen the effects or delay the onset of normal male aging. Additionally, androgen replacement therapy is used for men who have lost their testicular function to disease, cancer, or other causes^{[citation needed]}.

Rodent studies for HRT[edit]

Many studies on the effects of Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) have been conducted on rats. Predominantly, these studies have looked at the effects of estradiol, a type of estrogen, on rats’ performances on various tasks. Often, the rodents will be ovariectomized, meaning they have their ovaries removed. This prevents the production and release of estrogen and progesterone, and mimics the occurrence of menopause in human females. Once the ovaries have been removed, researchers will administer estrogen, progesterone, or both to see what the effects are on the rats’ behaviors. Rats are good animal models because they have similar cognitive deficits to humans as they age, and administering hormone therapy to them is easy.^[2]

Overall, the results of these studies are non-conclusive. Some studies find impairments due to the HRT, where others find improvements. A common theme that runs through many studies is that rats that are given HRT perform better on tasks activating the hippocampus, and worse on tasks involving the prefrontal cortex. For example, Wang et al. (2009) found that ovariectomized rats that were exposed to estradiol did considerably worse than rats who were not exposed to estradiol, on a delayed spatial reasoning task – a task that activates the prefrontal cortex.^[3] Another study that looked at the effects of estradiol in ovariectomized rats, found that when HRT was administered immediately following the removal of the ovaries, there was a decrease in anxious and depressive behaviors, while also improvement on cognitive performance on an object-placement task (though this was a hippocampal-based task).^[4] Hence, the timing of the hormone replacement therapy and the activated brain regions are significant factors in assessing effectiveness of HRT. Another important aspect is whether or not the treatment is chronic or cyclic. Chronic treatment is daily doses of the hormone, while cyclic treatment is based on the normal cycling patterns of that hormone. One study found that the group of rodents, who received estradiol and a type of progesterone chronically, performed the worst on the maze task; whereas, the group who received only estradiol cyclically showed some improvements.^[5]

More research in this area is needed. Some important results can be gathered from these rodent studies though. First, that differing brain regions may respond in a variety of ways to HRT. Second, that the timing of the therapy is integral to the chances of success. Third, that how the hormones are administered, either chronically or cyclically, may make an important difference in their effectiveness.

Effects on women[edit]

As recently as 2005 women have had a positive attitude towards hormone replacement therapy but based on the empirical data these attitudes may be overly optimistic.^[6] Currently, however, most women do not find HRT to be an effective solution. There is still much to learn about how HRT affects people. Below we talk about a few of the positive and negative effects of HRT. Generally, HRT is initially helpful but if used for a long period of time it loses its effectiveness. On the other hand, there are times when HRT is not only ineffective but actually detrimental to people.

Hormone replacement therapy is not always good. An example of this is in a study where women going through menopause using HRT with Progestin as a major component of the therapy show a few negative effects on hearing. Not only does the Progestin decrease the functionality of many regions of the ear it also reduces the effectiveness in parts of the central nervous system used for hearing.^[7] Also in some situations it has been shown that menopausal women who are caregivers and receive HRT can have an increased chance for cardiovascular issues. As caregivers it is implied that they have more acute stress in their lives and that acute stress along with the HRT is priming negative cardiovascular effects.^[8]

Hormone replacement therapy can have beneficial effects. In a study women taking estrogen through HRT showed that the estrogen positively affects the prefrontal cortex by boosting the working memory. This suggests that estrogen may play a key role in certain frontal lobe functions in women.^[9] Women using HRT after menopause have no additional weight gain compared to women who do not use HRT.^[10] Also women who use HRT with an estrogen component show positive effects in their sex life (mainly increasing their sex drive and sexual sensitivity) but the effects are inconsistent across women. Sadly, these sexual improvements can dissipate after receiving HRT for extended periods of time.^[11]

References[edit]

^ Shuster, Lynne T.; Rhodes, Deborah J.; Gostout, Bobbie S.; Grossardt, Brandon R.; Rocca, Walter A. (2010). "Premature menopause or early menopause: Long-term health consequences". Maturitas 65 (2): 161–166. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2009.08.003. ISSN 0378-5122. PMC 2815011. PMID 19733988. edit
^ Lowry, N. C.; Pardon, L. P., Yates, M. A., Juraska, J. M. (2010). "Effects of long-term treatment with 17β-estradiol and medroxyprogresterone acetate on water maze performance in middle aged female rats". Hormones and Behavior 58: 200–207.
^ Wang, V.C.; Neese, S.L., Korol, D. L., & Shantz, S.L (2009). "Chronic estradiol replacement impairs performance on an operant delayed spatial alternation task in young, middle-aged, and old rats". Hormones and Behavior 56: 382–390.
^ Walf, A. A.; Paris, J. J., & Frye, C. A. (2009). "Chronic estradiol replacement to aged female rats reduces anxiety-like and depression-like behavior and enhances cognitive performance.". Psychoneuroendocrinology 34: 909–916.
^ Lowry, N. C.; Pardon, L. P., Yates, M. A., & Juraska, J. M. (2010). "Effects of long-term treatment with 17β-estradiol and medroxyprogresterone acetate on water maze performance in middle aged female rats.". Hormones and Behavior 58: 200–207.
^ Herdis, S; O.F. Ragnar (2005). "Women’s attitudes to hormone replacement therapy in the aftermath of the Women’s Health Initiative study.". ISSUES AND INNOVATIONS IN NURSING PRACTICE 54 (5): 572–584.
^ Guimaraes, P.; S.T. Frisnina, F. Mapes, S. F. Tadros, R. Frisina, and R. D. Frisina (2006). "Progestin Negatively Affects Hearing in Aged Women". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103 (38): 14246–14249.
^ Aschbacher, K.; R. Kanel, P. J. Mills, S. Hong, S. K. Roepke, B. T. Mausbach, T. L. Patterson, M. G. Ziegler, J. E. Dimsdale, S. Ancoli-Israel, and I. Grant (2008). "Combination of caregiving stress and hormone replacement therapy is associated with prolonged platelet activation to acute stress among postmenopausal women.". Psychosomatic Medicine 69 (9): 910–917.
^ Duff, S. J.; E. Hampson (2000). "A Beneficial Effect of Estrogen on Working Memory in Postmenopausal Women Taking Hormone Replacement Therapy". Hormones and Behavior 38 (4): 262–276.
^ Reimer, R.A.; C. T. Debert, J. L. House, and M. J. Poulin (2005). "Dietary and metabolic differences in pre-versus postmenopausal women taking or not taking hormone replacement therapy". Physiology & Behavior 84 (2): 303–312.
^ Sarrel, P. (2000). "Effects of Hormone Replacement Therapy on Sexual Psychophysiology and Behavior in Postmenopause". JOURNAL OF WOMEN'S HEALTH & GENDER-BASED MEDICINE 9.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 閉経期のホルモン療法で用いる製剤 preparations for menopausal hormone therapy
2. 閉経期のホルモン療法：利益とリスク menopausal hormone therapy benefits and risks
3. ホルモン療法を用いた閉経期症状の治療 treatment of menopausal symptoms with hormone therapy
4. 膣萎縮症の治療 treatment of vaginal atrophy
5. 骨粗鬆症の予防および治療における閉経後のホルモン療法 postmenopausal hormone therapy in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis

English Journal

Diacylglycerol kinase α mediates 17-β-estradiol-induced proliferation, motility, and anchorage-independent growth of Hec-1A endometrial cancer cell line through the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor GPR30.

Filigheddu N, Sampietro S, Chianale F, Porporato PE, Gaggianesi M, Gregnanin I, Rainero E, Ferrara M, Perego B, Riboni F, Baldanzi G, Graziani A, Surico N.AbstractIncreased levels of endogenous and/or exogenous estrogens are one of the well known risk factors of endometrial cancer. Diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) are a family of enzymes which phosphorylate diacylglycerol (DAG) to produce phosphatidic acid (PA), thus turning off and on DAG-mediated and PA-mediated signaling pathways, respectively. DGK α activity is stimulated by growth factors and oncogenes and is required for chemotactic, proliferative, and angiogenic signaling in vitro. Herein, using either specific siRNAs or the pharmacological inhibitor R59949, we demonstrate that DGK α activity is required for 17-β-estradiol (E2)-induced proliferation, motility, and anchorage-independent growth of Hec-1A endometrial cancer cell line. Impairment of DGK α activity also influences basal cell proliferation and growth in soft agar of Hec-1A, while it has no effects on basal cell motility. Moreover, we show that DGK α activity induced by E2, as well as its observed effects, are mediated by the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor GPR30 (GPER). These findings suggest that DGK α may be a potential target in endometrial cancer therapy.
Cellular signalling.Cell Signal.2011 Dec;23(12):1988-96. Epub 2011 Jul 22.
Increased levels of endogenous and/or exogenous estrogens are one of the well known risk factors of endometrial cancer. Diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) are a family of enzymes which phosphorylate diacylglycerol (DAG) to produce phosphatidic acid (PA), thus turning off and on DAG-mediated and PA-mediat
PMID 21802511

Japanese Journal

<Case Reports>A case of apocrine ad enocarcinoma in the right axilla

Yoshida Masuki,Kawara Shigeru,Kawada Akira
Acta Medica Kinki University 36(1), 29-31, 2011-6
… Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were negative for both estrogen and progesterone receptors and positive for CEA and GCDFP-15. … Postoperative radiation therapy or chemotherapy was not administered, and she has been free from metastasis for 4 years since the operation. …
NAID 120003291654