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the same distance apart at every point
a flat distribution having equal frequencies of occurrence

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等距離の

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/06/02 20:11:17」(JST)

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Equidae (sometimes known as the horse family) is the taxonomic family of horses and related animals, including the extant horses, donkeys, and zebras, and many other species known only from fossils. All extant species are in the genus Equus. Equidae belongs to the order Perissodactyla, which includes the extant tapirs and rhinoceros, and several extinct families.

The term equid refers to any member of this family, including any equine.

Evolution

Extinct equids restored to scale. Left to right: Mesohippus, Neohipparion, Eohippus, Equus scotti and Hypohippus

The oldest known fossils assigned to Equidae date from the early Eocene, 54 million years ago. They used to be assigned to the genus Hyracotherium, but the type species of that genus now is regarded to be not a member of this family. The other species have been split off into different genera. These early Equidae were fox-sized animals with three toes on the hind feet, and four on the front feet. They were herbivorous browsers on relatively soft plants, and already adapted for running. The complexity of their brains suggest that they already were alert and intelligent animals.^[1] Later species reduced the number of toes, and developed teeth more suited for grinding up grasses and other tough plant food.

The family became relatively diverse during the Miocene, with many new species appearing. By this time, equids were more truly horse-like, having developed the typical body shape of the modern animals.^[2] Many of these species bore the main weight of their bodies on their central, third, toe, with the others becoming reduced, and barely touching the ground, if at all. The sole surviving genus, Equus, had evolved by the early Pleistocene, and spread rapidly through the world.^[3]

Classification

Skeletons

Protorohippus

Hipparion

Equus (Przewalski's horse)

Order Perissodactyla (In addition to Equidae, Perissodactyla includes four species of tapir in a single genus, as well as five living species (belonging to four genera) of rhinoceros.) † indicates extinct taxa.
Family Equidae
- Genus †Epihippus
- Genus †Haplohippus
- Genus †Heptaconodon
- Genus †Eohippus
- Genus †Minippus
- Genus †Orohippus
- Genus †Pliolophus
- Genus †Protorohippus
- Genus †Sifrhippus
- Genus †Xenicohippus
- Genus †Eurohippus
- Genus †Propalaeotherium
- Subfamily †Anchitheriinae
  - Genus †Anchitherium
  - Genus †Archaeohippus
  - Genus †Desmatippus
  - Genus †Hypohippus
  - Genus †Kalobatippus
  - Genus †Megahippus
  - Genus †Mesohippus
  - Genus †Miohippus
  - Genus †Parahippus
  - Genus †Sinohippus
- Subfamily Equinae
  - Genus †Merychippus
  - Genus †Scaphohippus
  - Genus †Acritohippus
  - Tribe †Hipparionini
    - Genus †Eurygnathohippus
    - Genus †Hipparion
    - Genus †Hippotherium
    - Genus †Nannippus
    - Genus †Neohipparion
    - Genus †Proboscidipparion
    - Genus †Pseudhipparion
  - Tribe Equini
    - Genus †Astrohippus
    - Genus †Calippus
    - Genus †Dinohippus
    - Genus Equus (22 species, 7 extant)
    - Genus †Hippidion
    - Genus †Onohippidium
    - Genus †Pliohippus
    - Genus †Protohippus
    - Genus †Heteropliohippus
    - Genus †Parapliohippus

References

^ Palmer, D., ed. (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. p. 255. ISBN 1-84028-152-9.
^ MacFadden, B. J. (March 18, 2005). "Fossil Horses--Evidence for Evolution". Science. 307 (5716): 1728–1730. doi:10.1126/science.1105458. PMID 15774746.
^ Savage, RJG & Long, MR (1986). Mammal Evolution: an illustrated guide. New York: Facts on File. pp. 200–204. ISBN 0-8160-1194-X.

English Journal

Phylogenetic relationships among Perissodactyla: Secretoglobin 1A1 gene duplication and triplication in the Equidae family.

Côté O, Viel L, Bienzle D.SourceDepartment of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
Molecular phylogenetics and evolution.Mol Phylogenet Evol.2013 Dec;69(3):430-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2013.08.012. Epub 2013 Aug 26.
Secretoglobin family 1A member 1 (SCGB 1A1) is a small anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory protein that is abundantly secreted in airway surface fluids. We recently reported the existence of three distinct SCGB1A1 genes in the domestic horse genome as opposed to the single gene copy consensus pre
PMID 23988306

Influence of dental correction on nociceptive test responses, fecal appearance, body condition score, and apparent digestibility coefficient for dry matter of Zamorano-leones donkeys (Equus asinus).

Rodrigues JB, Ferreira LM, Bastos E, San Roman F, Viegas C, Santos AS.SourceDepartment of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal 5001-801.
Journal of animal science.J Anim Sci.2013 Oct;91(10):4765-71. doi: 10.2527/jas.2013-6311. Epub 2013 Aug 21.
The influence of dental correction on nociceptive (pressure) test responses, fecal appearance, BCS, and apparent digestibility coefficient for DM was studied in 18 Zamorano-Leonés donkeys, an endangered local breed from the Zamora province in Spain. For this purpose, donkeys were divided into 2 hom
PMID 23965395

Opportunistic feeding strategy for the earliest old world hypsodont equids: evidence from stable isotope and dental wear proxies.

Tütken T, Kaiser TM, Vennemann T, Merceron G.SourceSteinmann-Institut für Geologie, Mineralogie und Paläontologie, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
PloS one.PLoS One.2013 Sep 11;8(9):e74463. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074463.
BACKGROUND: The equid Hippotherium primigenium, with moderately hypsodont cheek teeth, rapidly dispersed through Eurasia in the early late Miocene. This dispersal of hipparions into the Old World represents a major faunal event during the Neogene. The reasons for this fast dispersal of H. primigeniu
PMID 24040254

「equid herpesvirus 2」

Equidae; Temporal range: 54–0 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N Early Eocene-Holocene
	Wild horses
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Perissodactyla
Suborder:	Hippomorpha
Family:	Equidae; Gray, 1821

　　[★]

ウマヘルペスウイルス2型

関: equine herpesvirus 2、murine herpesvirus 68、rhadinovirus

「equid herpesvirus 1」

　　[★]

ウマヘルペスウイルス1型

関: EHV-1、equine herpesvirus 1

「equid herpesvirus 4」

　　[★]

ウマヘルペスウイルス4型

関: EHV-4、equine herpesvirus 4

「equid herpesvirus 3」

　　[★]

ウマヘルペスウイルス3型

関: equine herpesvirus 3

「equi」

　　[★]

ウマの

関: domestic horse、equine、Equus caballus、horse

Ehrlichia equi、Rhodococcus equi、Streptococcus equi

[1] Palmer, D., ed. (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. p. 255. ISBN 1-84028-152-9.

[2] MacFadden, B. J. (March 18, 2005). "Fossil Horses--Evidence for Evolution". Science. 307 (5716): 1728–1730. doi:10.1126/science.1105458. PMID 15774746.

[MamEv-3] Savage, RJG & Long, MR (1986). Mammal Evolution: an illustrated guide. New York: Facts on File. pp. 200–204. ISBN 0-8160-1194-X.

v t e Genera of extinct Equidae (Horse family), arranged by subfamily
Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Infraclass Eutheria Superorder Laurasiatheria Order Perissodactyla
Basal forms	Epihippus Eohippus Eurohippus Haplohippus Heptaconodon Pliolophus Propalaeotherium Protorohippus Orohippus Sifrhippus Xenicohippus
Anchitheriinae	Anchitherium Archaeohippus Desmatippus Hypohippus Kalobatippus Megahippus Mesohippus Miohippus Parahippus Sinohippus
Equinae	Acritohippus Merychippus Tribe Hipparionini: Cremohipparion Cormohipparion Eurygnathohippus Hipparion Hippotherium Nannippus Neohipparion Proboscidipparion Pseudhipparion Sivalhippus Tribe Equini: Astrohippus Calippus Dinohippus Equus Heteropliohippus Hippidion Onohippidium Parapliohippus Pliohippus Protohippus

拡張検索	「equid herpesvirus 2」「equid herpesvirus 1」「equid herpesvirus 4」「equid herpesvirus 3」
関連記事	「equi」

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equid