WordNet
- the 2nd letter of the Roman alphabet (同)b
- the blood group whose red cells carry the B antigen (同)type_B, group B
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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/04/17 00:55:05」(JST)
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| Vaccine description | |
|---|---|
| Target disease | Hepatitis B |
| Type | Subunit |
| Clinical data | |
| Trade names | Recombivax HB |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | monograph |
| MedlinePlus | a607014 |
| Identifiers | |
|
CAS Registry Number
|
Y |
|
ATC code
|
J07BC01 |
| N (what is this?) (verify) | |
Hepatitis B vaccine is a vaccine for the prevention of hepatitis B, an infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV).
The vaccine contains one of the viral envelope proteins, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). It is produced by yeast cells, into which the genetic code for HBsAg has been inserted.[1] A course of two to three (2–3) vaccine injections is given, the second injection at least one month after the first dose and the third injection being administered six months after the first dose. The first and second dose offer complete protection. The final injection (second or third depending on number of vaccines being administered) is to prolong protection against the HBV.[2] Afterward an immune system antibody to HBsAg is established in the bloodstream. The antibody is known as anti-HBs. This antibody and immune system memory then provide immunity to HBV infection.[3] The first vaccine became available in 1981.
A range of vaccines is available in the market. Presently recombinant DNA vaccines are available, which means they are produced by inserting the gene for HBV into common baker's yeast where it is grown, harvested, and purified. HBV infection cannot occur from receiving hepatitis B vaccine. The common brands available are Recombivax HB (Merck), Engerix-B (GSK), Elovac B (Human Biologicals Institute, a division of Indian Immunologicals Limited), Genevac B (Serum Institute), Shanvac B, etc. These vaccines are given by the intramuscular route.
Hepatitis B vaccine is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, a list of the most important medication needed in a basic health system.[4]
Contents
- 1 Medical uses
- 1.1 Effectiveness
- 1.2 Duration of protection
- 2 Side effects
- 3 History
- 4 Research
- 5 References
Medical uses
Babies born to mothers infected with HBV are vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine and injected with hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG).[5]
Many countries now routinely vaccinate infants against hepatitis B. In countries with high rates of hepatitis B infection, vaccination of newborns has not only reduced the risk of infection, but has also led to marked reduction in liver cancer. This was reported in Taiwan where the implementation of a nationwide hepatitis B vaccination program in 1984 was associated with a decline in the incidence of childhood hepatocellular carcinoma.[6]
In the UK, the vaccine is offered to MSM, usually as part of a sexual health check-up. A similar situation is in operation in Ireland.[7]
In many areas, vaccination against hepatitis B is also required for all health-care and laboratory staff.[8]
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have issued recommendations for vaccination against hepatitis B among patients with diabetes mellitus.[9]
Effectiveness
Following the primary course of 3 vaccinations, a blood test may be taken after an interval of 1–4 months to establish if there has been an adequate response, which is defined as an anti-hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-Hbs) antibody level above 100 mIU/ml. Such a full response occurs in about 85–90% of individuals.[10]
An antibody level between 10 and 100 mIU/ml is considered a poor response, and these people should receive a single booster vaccination at this time, but do not need further retesting.[10]
People who fail to respond (anti-Hbs antibody level below 10 mIU/ml) should be tested to exclude current or past Hepatitis B infection, and given a repeat course of 3 vaccinations, followed by further retesting 1–4 months after the second course. Those who still do not respond to a second course of vaccination may respond to intradermal administration[11] or to a high dose vaccine[12] or to a double dose of a combined Hepatitis A and B vaccine.[13] Those who still fail to respond will require hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) if later exposed to the hepatitis B virus.[10]
Poor responses are mostly associated with being over the age of 40 years, obesity and smoking,[14] and also in alcoholics, especially if with advanced liver disease.[15] Patients who are immunosuppressed or on renal dialysis may respond less well and require larger or more frequent doses of vaccine.[10] At least one study suggests that hepatitis B vaccination is less effective in patients with HIV.[16]
Duration of protection
It is now believed that the hepatitis B vaccine provides indefinite protection. However, it was previously believed and suggested that the vaccination would only provide effective cover of between five and seven years,[17][18] but subsequently it has been appreciated that long-term immunity derives from immunological memory which outlasts the loss of antibody levels and hence subsequent testing and administration of booster doses is not required in successfully vaccinated immunocompetent individuals.[19][20] Hence with the passage of time and longer experience, protection has been shown for at least 25 years in those who showed an adequate initial response to the primary course of vaccinations,[21] and UK guidelines now suggest that for initial responders who require ongoing protection, such as for healthcare workers, only a single booster is advocated at 5 years.[10]
Side effects
Several studies looked for a significant association between recombinant hepatitis B vaccine (HBV) and multiple sclerosis (MS) in adults. Most published scientific studies do not support a causal relationship between hepatitis B vaccination and demyelinating diseases such as MS.[22] A 2004 study[23] reported a significant increase in risk within 3 years of vaccination. Some of these studies were criticized for methodological problems. This controversy created public misgivings about HB vaccination, and hepatitis B vaccination in children remained low in several countries. A 2006 study concluded that evidence did not support an association between HB vaccination and sudden infant death syndrome, chronic fatigue syndrome, or multiple sclerosis.[24] A 2007 study found that the vaccination does not seem to increase the risk of a first episode of MS in childhood.[25]
A 2009 study of the hepatitis B vaccine and associated risk of CNS inflammatory demyelination was conducted. The hepatitis B vaccine was found to be generally safe, however the Engerix B vaccine appeared to triple the risk of CNS inflammatory demyelination in infant boys.[26] The study was criticized for methodological errors.[27]
The World Health Organization recommends a pentavalent vaccine, combining vaccines against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and Haemophilus influenzae type B with the vaccine against hepatitis B. There is not yet sufficient evidence on how effective this pentavalent vaccine is in relation to the individual vaccines.[28]
History
The road to the hepatitis B vaccine began in 1963 when American physician/geneticist Baruch Blumberg discovered what he called the "Australia Antigen" (now called HBsAg) in the serum of an Australian Aboriginal person.[29] In 1968, this protein was found to be part of the virus that causes "serum hepatitis" (hepatitis B) by virologist Alfred Prince.[30] The American microbiologist/vaccinologist Maurice Hilleman at Merck used three treatments (pepsin, urea and formaldehyde) of blood serum together with rigorous filtration to yield a product that could be used as a safe vaccine. Hilleman hypothesized that he could make an HBV vaccine by injecting patients with hepatitis B surface protein. In theory, this would be very safe, as these excess surface proteins lacked infectious viral DNA. The immune system, recognizing the surface proteins as foreign, would manufacture specially shaped antibodies, custom-made to bind to, and destroy, these proteins. Then, in the future, if the patient were infected with HBV, the immune system could promptly deploy protective antibodies, destroying the viruses before they could do any harm.[31]
Hilleman collected blood from gay men and intravenous drug users — groups known to be at risk for viral hepatitis. This was in the late 1970s, when HIV was yet unknown to medicine. In addition to the sought-after hepatitis B surface proteins, the blood samples likely contained HIV. Hilleman devised a multistep process to purify this blood so that only the hepatitis B surface proteins remained. Every known virus was killed by this process, and Hilleman was confident that the vaccine was safe.[31]
The first large-scale trials for the blood-derived vaccine were performed on gay men, in accordance with their high-risk status. Later, Hilleman’s vaccine was falsely blamed for igniting the AIDS epidemic. (See Wolf Szmuness.) But, although the purified blood vaccine seemed questionable, it was determined to have indeed been free of HIV. The purification process had destroyed all viruses—including HIV.[31] The vaccine was approved in 1981.
The blood-derived hepatitis B vaccine was withdrawn from the marketplace in 1986 when Pablo DT Valenzuela, Research Director of Chiron Corporation, succeeded in making the antigen in yeast and invented the world's first recombinant vaccine.[32] The recombinant vaccine was developed by inserting the HBV gene that codes for the surface protein into the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This allows the yeast to produce only the noninfectious surface protein, without any danger of introducing actual viral DNA into the final product.[31] This is the vaccine still in use today.
In 1976, Blumberg had won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on hepatitis B (sharing it with Daniel Carleton Gajdusek for his work on kuru). In 2002, Blumberg published a book, Hepatitis B: The Hunt for a Killer Virus.[33] In the book, according to Paul A. Offit — Hilleman's biographer and an accomplished vaccinologist himself — Blumberg...
... claimed that the hepatitis B vaccine was his invention. Maurice Hilleman's name is mentioned once.... Blumberg failed to mention that it was Hilleman who had figured out how to inactivate hepatitis B virus, how to kill all other possible contaminating viruses, how to completely remove every other protein found in human blood, and how to do all of this while retaining the structural integrity of the surface protein. Blumberg had identified Australia antigen, an important first step. But all of the other steps — the ones critical to making a vaccine — belonged to Hilleman. Later, Hilleman recalled, "I think that [Blumberg] deserves a lot of credit, but he doesn't want to give credit to the other guy."[34]
Research
Injectable Hepatitis B vaccines require expensive production processes and refrigeration, which can make them difficult to access in developing countries. As a result, researchers have been working to engineer plants to produce Hepatitis B vaccines, so that people can eat these plants to receive the vaccine. Potatoes, bananas, lettuce, carrots, tobacco are some of the plants being genetically engineered to produce the Hepatitis B vaccine.
The process of genetically engineering plants to produce the vaccine includes extracting the gene that codes for Hepatitis B surface antigens from the Hepatitis B genome, and placing it in a bacterial plasmid. The bacteria then infect a plant, which will produce the surface antigens. When a human eats the plant, their body is stimulated to produce an antibody response to the surface antigens. Although concerns remain in improving the efficacy of edible vaccines, controlling the dosage of vaccine in each plant, and managing land allocation for this process, scientists consider this a promising avenue for vaccinating underprivileged areas of the world.
References
- ^ "Hepatitis B Vaccine from Merck". Retrieved 2010-05-09.
- ^ "Hepatitis B Vaccine". Doylestown, Pennsylvania: Hepatitis B Foundation. 2009-01-31. Retrieved 2009-10-22.
- ^ "CDC Viral Hepatitis". Atlanta, Georgia: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2009-07-24. Retrieved 2009-10-22.
- ^ "WHO Model List of EssentialMedicines". World Health Organization. October 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
- ^ Mast, E. E.; Margolis, H. S.; Fiore, A. E.; Brink, E. W.; Goldstein, S. T.; Wang, S. A.; Moyer, L. A.; Bell, B. P.; Alter, M. J.; Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) (2005). "A comprehensive immunization strategy to eliminate transmission of hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) part 1: immunization of infants, children, and adolescents" (Free full text). MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports / Centers for Disease Control 54 (RR–16): 1–31. PMID 16371945.
- ^ Chang, M. -H.; Chen, C. -J.; Lai, M. -S.; Hsu, H. -M.; Wu, T. -C.; Kong, M. -S.; Liang, D. -C.; Shau, W. -Y.; Chen, D. -S. (1997). "Universal Hepatitis B Vaccination in Taiwan and the Incidence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Children". New England Journal of Medicine 336 (26): 1855–1859. doi:10.1056/NEJM199706263362602. PMID 9197213. edit
- ^ "Hepatitis B vaccine". www.nhs.uk.
- ^ Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation (2006). "Chapter 12 Immunisation of healthcare and laboratory staff—Hepatitis B". Immunisation Against Infectious Disease 2006 ("The Green Book") (PDF)
|format=requires|url=(help) (3rd ed.). Edinburgh: Stationery Office. p. 468. ISBN 0-11-322528-8. - ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2011). "Use of hepatitis B vaccination for adults with diabetes mellitus: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP).". MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 60 (50): 1709–11. PMID 22189894.
- ^ a b c d e Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation (2006). "Chapter 18 Hepatitis B". Immunisation Against Infectious Disease 2006 ("The Green Book") (PDF)
|format=requires|url=(help) (3rd edition (Chapter 18 revised 10 October 2007) ed.). Edinburgh: Stationery Office. p. 468. ISBN 0-11-322528-8. - ^ King; Taylor, E. M.; Crow, S. D.; White, M. C.; Todd, J. R.; Poe, M. B.; Conrad, S. A.; Gelder, F. B. (1990). "Comparison of the immunogenicity of hepatitis B vaccine administered intradermally and intramuscularly". Reviews of infectious diseases 12 (6): 1035–1043. doi:10.1093/clinids/12.6.1035. PMID 2148433.
- ^ Levitz; Cooper, B.; Regan, H. (1995). "Immunization with high-dose intradermal recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in healthcare workers who failed to respond to intramuscular vaccination". Infection control and hospital epidemiology : the official journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America 16 (2): 88–91. doi:10.1086/647062. PMID 7759824.
- ^ Cardell, K.; Åkerlind, B.; Sällberg, M.; Frydén, A. (2008). "Excellent Response Rate to a Double Dose of the Combined Hepatitis a and B Vaccine in Previous Nonresponders to Hepatitis B Vaccine". The Journal of Infectious Diseases 198 (3): 299–226. doi:10.1086/589722. PMID 18544037.
- ^ Roome, A. J.; Walsh, S.; Cartter, M.; Hadler, J. (1993). "Hepatitis B vaccine responsiveness in Connecticut public safety personnel". Journal of the American Medical Association 270 (24): 2931–2934. doi:10.1001/jama.270.24.2931. PMID 8254852.
- ^ Rosman, Md, A.; Basu, P.; Galvin, K.; Lieber, C. (1997). "Efficacy of a High and Accelerated Dose of Hepatitis B Vaccine in Alcoholic Patients a Randomized Clinical Trial". The American Journal of Medicine 103 (3): 217–222. doi:10.1016/S0002-9343(97)00132-0. PMID 9316554.
- ^ Pasricha, N.; Datta, U.; Chawla, Y.; Singh, S.; Arora, S.; Sud, A.; Minz, R.; Saikia, B.; Singh, H.; James, I.; Sehgal, S. (2006). "Immune responses in patients with HIV infection after vaccination with recombinant Hepatitis B virus vaccine". BMC Infectious Diseases 6: 65. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-6-65. PMC 1525180. PMID 16571140. edit Cold or Flu like symptoms can develop after receiving the vaccine, but these are short lived. As with any injection, the muscle can become tender around the injection point for some time afterwards
- ^ Krugman; Davidson, M. (1987). "Hepatitis B vaccine: prospects for duration of immunity". The Yale journal of biology and medicine 60 (4): 333–339. PMC 2590237. PMID 3660859.
- ^ Petersen, K. M.; Bulkow, L. R.; McMahon, B. J.; Zanis, C.; Getty, M.; Peters, H.; Parkinson, A. J. (2004). "Duration of Hepatitis B Immunity in Low Risk Children Receiving Hepatitis B Vaccinations from Birth" (Free full text). The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 23 (7): 650–655. doi:10.1097/01.inf.0000130952.96259.fd. PMID 15247604. edit
- ^ Gabbuti, A.; Romanò, L.; Blanc, P.; Meacci, F.; Amendola, A.; Mele, A.; Mazzotta, F.; Zanetti, A. R. (2007). "Long-term immunogenicity of hepatitis B vaccination in a cohort of Italian healthy adolescents". Vaccine 25 (16): 3129–3132. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.01.045. PMID 17291637.
- ^ "Are booster immunisations needed for lifelong hepatitis B immunity?". The Lancet 355 (9203): 561–565. 2000. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(99)07239-6. PMID 10683019.
- ^ Van Damme P, Van Herck K (March 2007). "A review of the long-term protection after hepatitis A and B vaccination". Travel Med Infect Dis 5 (2): 79–84. doi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2006.04.004. PMID 17298912.
- ^ "CDC - Hepatitis B and Multiple Sclerosis ( MS) - Vaccine Safety". cdc.gov.
- ^ Hernán; Jick, S. S.; Olek, M. J.; Jick, H. (2004). "Recombinant hepatitis B vaccine and the risk of multiple sclerosis: a prospective study". Neurology 63 (5): 838–842. doi:10.1212/01.WNL.0000138433.61870.82. PMID 15365133.
- ^ Zuckerman, J. N. (2006). "Protective efficacy, immunotherapeutic potential, and safety of hepatitis B vaccines". Journal of Medical Virology 78 (2): 169–177. doi:10.1002/jmv.20524. PMID 16372285. edit
- ^ Mikaeloff, Y.; Caridade, G.; Rossier, M.; Suissa, S.; Tardieu, M. (2007). "Hepatitis B Vaccination and the Risk of Childhood-Onset Multiple Sclerosis". Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 161 (12): 1176–1182. doi:10.1001/archpedi.161.12.1176. PMID 18056563. edit
- ^ "Hepatitis B vaccine and the risk of CNS inflammatory demyelination in childhood". Neurology. 2009.
- ^ "Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety: response to the paper (in press) by Y. Mikaeloff and colleagues in Neurology entitled "Hepatitis B vaccine and the risk of CNS inflammatory demyelination in childhood"". World Health Organization. 2008.
- ^ Bar-On ES, Goldberg E, Hellmann S, Leibovici L (2012). "Combined DTP-HBV-HIB vaccine versus separately administered DTP-HBV and HIB vaccines for primary prevention of diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis B and Haemophilus influenzae B (HIB)". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (4): CD005530. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005530.pub3. PMID 22513932.
- ^ Blumberg B, Alter H (1965). "A "new" antigen in leukemia sera". JAMA 191: 101–106. doi:10.1001/jama.1965.03080070025007. PMID 14239025.
- ^ Howard, Colin; Zuckerman, Arie J. (1979). Hepatitis viruses of man. Boston: Academic Press. pp. 16–18. ISBN 0-12-782150-3.
- ^ a b c d "World Hepatitis Day: The History of the Hepatitis B Vaccine" [Planned Parenthood Advocates of Arizona], 26 July 2012, http://blog.advocatesaz.org/2012/07/26/world-hepatitis-day-the-history-of-the-hepatitis-b-vaccine/
- ^ Fisher, Lawrence M. (October 13, 1986). "Biotechnology Spotlight Now Shines On Chiron". New York Times.
- ^ Blumberg, Baruch (2002), Hepatitis B: The Hunt for a Killer Virus, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- ^ Offit, Paul A. (2007), Vaccinated: One Man's Quest to Defeat the World's Deadliest Diseases, Smithsonian Books/Collins, pp 135-136.
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UpToDate Contents
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- 1. B型肝炎ウイルスワクチン hepatitis b virus vaccination
- 2. 幼児、小児および思春期におけるB型肝炎ウイルス予防接種 hepatitis b virus immunization in infants children and adolescents
- 3. 健康成人における予防接種に対するアプローチ approach to immunizations in healthy adults
- 4. 旅行者のための予防接種 immunizations for travel
- 5. 慢性肝疾患患者のための予防接種 immunizations for patients with chronic liver disease
English Journal
- Response to challenge dose among young adults vaccinated for hepatitis B as infants: importance of detectable residual antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen.
- Spradling PR1, Kamili S1, Xing J1, Drobeniuc J1, Hu DJ1, Middleman AB2.
- Infection control and hospital epidemiology.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol.2015 May;36(5):529-33. doi: 10.1017/ice.2015.6. Epub 2015 Feb 3.
- OBJECTIVE To determine whether a difference in antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) response to a hepatitis B vaccine challenge dose existed among persons with a baseline anti-HBs level of 0 mIU/mL (group 1) and those with "non-zero" levels of 0.1-4.9 (group 2) and 5.0-9.9 (group 3) mI
- PMID 25643863
- Immunogenicity and safety of an investigational hepatitis B vaccine with a Toll-like receptor 9 agonist adjuvant (HBsAg-1018) compared with a licensed hepatitis B vaccine in patients with chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
- Janssen JM1, Heyward WL2, Martin JT3, Janssen RS4.
- Vaccine.Vaccine.2015 Feb 11;33(7):833-7. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.12.060. Epub 2015 Jan 6.
- BACKGROUND: Many patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are hyporesponsive to currently licensed alum-adjuvanted hepatitis B vaccines, including Engerix-B(®) (HBsAg-Eng). Seroprotection rates (SPRs) are further reduced in CKD patients with diabetes mellitus. Three doses of an investigational he
- PMID 25576215
- Serologic response to hepatitis B vaccination among lung transplantation candidates.
- Galar A1, Engelson BA, Kubiak DW, Licona JH, Boukedes S, Goldberg HJ, Baden LR, Marty FM, Issa NC.
- Transplantation.Transplantation.2014 Sep 27;98(6):676-9. doi: 10.1097/TP.0000000000000128.
- BACKGROUND: Optimal hepatitis B (HBV) vaccination strategies for lung transplantation (LT) candidates are not well established.METHODS: LT candidates with negative anti-HBs and anti-HBc antibody titers at baseline who received standard-dose HBV vaccination (Recombivax-HB 10 mcg/mL or Engerix-B 20 mc
- PMID 24825523
Japanese Journal
- Comparative efficacy, safety and immunogenicity of Hepavax-Gene and Engerix-B, recombinant hepatitis B vaccines, in infants born to HBsAg and HBeAg positive mothers in Vietnam : an assessment at 2 years
- Vaccine 20, 1803-1808, 2002
- NAID 30006363472
- Comparison of Seroconversion Rates with Three Kinds of Recombinant Hepatitis B Vaccines
- The Showa University Journal of Medical Sciences 11(2), 69-73, 1999
- NAID 130004189976
- rDNA酵母由来ワクチン製剤Engerix-B,HBY,Bimmugenによる獲得抗体価の比較研究
- 医学と生物学 132(5), 215-218, 1996-05
- NAID 40000112264
Related Links
- 1 HIGHLIGHTS OF PRESCRIBING INFORMATION • These highlights do not include all the information needed to use ENGERIX-B safely and effectively. See full prescribing information for ENGERIX-B. • ENGERIX-B [Hepatitis B ...
- ENGERIX-B may be administered subcutaneously to persons at risk of hemorrhage (e.g., hemophiliacs). However, hepatitis B vaccines administered subcutaneously are known to result in a lower antibody response. Additionally ...
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