軟骨内骨化
WordNet
- the calcification of soft tissue into a bonelike material
- the developmental process of bone formation
- the process of becoming rigidly fixed in a conventional pattern of thought or behavior
- hardened conventionality (同)conformity
PrepTutorEJDIC
- 〈U〉骨化 / 〈C〉骨化して部分
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/22 18:19:55」(JST)
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| Endochondral ossification |
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Light micrograph of epiphyseal plate showing endochondral ossification: healthy chondrocytes (top) become degenerating ones (bottom), characteristically displaying a calcified extracellular matrix.
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| Anatomical terminology |
Endochondral ossification[1][2] is one of the two essential processes during fetal development of the mammalian skeletal system by which bone tissue is created. Unlike intramembranous ossification, which is the other process by which bone tissue is created, cartilage is present during endochondral ossification. Endochondral ossification is also an essential process during the rudimentary formation of long bones,[3] the growth of the length of long bones,[4] and the natural healing of bone fractures.[5]
Contents
- 1 Growth of the cartilage model
- 2 Primary center of ossification
- 3 Secondary center of ossification
- 4 Appositional bone growth
- 5 Histology
- 6 Fracture healing
- 7 References
- 8 See also
Growth of the cartilage model
The cartilage model will grow in length by continuous cell division of chondrocytes, which is accompanied by further secretion of extracellular matrix. This is called interstitial growth. The process of appositional growth occurs when the cartilage model also grows in thickness due to the addition of more extracellular matrix on the peripheral cartilage surface, which is accompanied by new chondroblasts that develop from the perichondrium.
Primary center of ossification
The first site of ossification occurs in the primary center of ossification, which is in the middle of diaphysis (shaft). Then:
- Formation of periosteum
- The perichondrium becomes the periosteum. The periosteum contains a layer of undifferentiated cells (osteoprogenitor cells) which later become osteoblasts.
- Formation of bone collar
- The osteoblasts secrete osteoid against the shaft of the cartilage model (Appositional Growth). This serves as support for the new bone.
- Calcification of matrix
- Chondrocytes in the primary center of ossification begin to grow (hypertrophy). They stop secreting collagen and other proteoglycans and begin secreting alkaline phosphatase, an enzyme essential for mineral deposition. Then calcification of the matrix occurs and osteoprogenitor cells that entered the cavity via the periosteal bud, use the calcified matrix as a scaffold and begin to secrete osteoid, which forms the bone trabecula. Osteoclasts, formed from macrophages, break down spongy bone to form the medullary (bone marrow) cavity.
Secondary center of ossification
About the time of birth in mammals, a secondary ossification center appears in each end (epiphysis) of long bones. Periosteal buds carry mesenchyme and blood vessels in and the process is similar to that occurring in a primary ossification center. The cartilage between the primary and secondary ossification centers is called the epiphyseal plate, and it continues to form new cartilage, which is replaced by bone, a process that results in an increase in length of the bone. Growth continues until the individual is about 20 years old or until the cartilage in the plate is replaced by bone. The point of union of the primary and secondary ossification centers is called the epiphyseal line.
Appositional bone growth
The growth in diameter of bones around the diaphysis occurs by deposition of bone beneath the periosteum. Osteoclasts in the interior cavity continue to degrade bone until its ultimate thickness is achieved, at which point the rate of formation on the outside and degradation from the inside is constant.
Histology
Drawing of part of a longitudinal section of the developing femur of a rabbit. a. Flattened cartilage cells. b. Enlarged cartilage cells. c, d. Newly formed bone. e. Osteoblasts. f. Giant cells or osteoclasts. g, h. Shrunken cartilage cells. (From “Atlas of Histology,” Klein and Noble Smith.)
Masson Goldner trichrome stain of growth plate in a rabbit tibia.
During endochondral ossification, five distinct zones can be seen at the light-microscope level.
| Name |
Definition |
| Zone of resting cartilage |
This zone contains normal, resting hyaline cartilage. |
| Zone of proliferation / cell columns |
In this zone, chondrocytes undergo rapid mitosis, forming distinctive looking stacks. |
| Zone of maturation / hypertrophy |
In this zone, the chondrocytes undergo hypertrophy (become enlarged). Chondrocytes contain large amounts of glycogen and begin to secrete alkaline phosphatase. |
| Zone of calcification |
In this zone, chondrocytes are either dying or dead, leaving cavities that will later become invaded by bone-forming cells. Chondrocytes here die when they can no longer receive nutrients or eliminate wastes via diffusion. This is because the calcified matrix is much less hydrated than hyaline cartilage. |
| Zone of ossification |
Osteoprogenitor cells invade the area and differentiate into osteoblasts, which elaborate matrix that becomes calcified on the surface of calcified cartilage. This is followed by resorption of the calcified cartilage/calcified bone complex. |
Section of fetal bone of cat. ir. Irruption of the subperiosteal tissue. p. Fibrous layer of the periosteum. o. Layer of osteoblasts. im. Subperiosteal bony deposit. (From Quain’s “Anatomy,” E. A. Schäfer.)
Fracture healing
During fracture healing, cartilage is often formed and is called callus. This cartilage ultimately develops into new bone tissue through the process of endochondral ossification.
References
- ^ Etymology from Greek: ἔνδον/endon, "within", and χόνδρος/chondros, "cartilage"
- ^ "Etymology of the English word endochondral". myEtymolgy. Retrieved December 2009.
- ^ Netter, Frank H. (1987), Musculoskeletal system: anatomy, physiology, and metabolic disorders. Summit, New Jersey: Ciba-Geigy Corporation ISBN 0-914168-88-6, p. 130: One exception is the clavicle.
- ^ Brighton, Carl T., Yoichi Sugioka, and Robert M. Hunt (1973), "Cytoplasmic structures of epiphyseal plate chondrocytes; quantitative evaluation using electron micrographs of rat costochondral junctions with specific reference to the fate of hypertrophic cells", Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 55-A: 771-784
- ^ Brighton, Carl T. and Robert M. Hunt (1986): "Histochemical localization of calcium in the fracture callus with potassium pyroantimonate: possible role of chondrocyte mitochondrial calcium in callus calcification", Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 68-A (5): 703-715
See also
- Intramembranous ossification
- Ossification
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Bone and cartilage
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| Cartilage |
- perichondrium
- fibrocartilage callus
- metaphysis
- Cells
- Types
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| Bone |
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Ossification
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- intramembranous
- endochondral
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Cells
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- osteoblast
- osteoid
- osteocyte
- osteoclast
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Types
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Regions
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- subchondral bone
- epiphysis
- epiphyseal plate/metaphysis
- diaphysis
- Condyle
- Epicondyle
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Structure
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- Osteon
- Haversian canals
- Volkmann's canals
- connective tissue
- Sharpey's fibres
- enthesis
- lacunae
- canaliculi
- trabeculae
- medullary cavity
- bone marrow
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Shapes
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- long
- short
- flat
- irregular
- sesamoid
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Index of bones and cartilage
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| Description |
- Anatomy
- bones
- skull
- face
- neurocranium
- compound structures
- foramina
- upper extremity
- torso
- pelvis
- lower extremity
- Physiology
- Development
- Cells
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| Disease |
- Congenital
- Neoplasms and cancer
- Trauma
- Other
- Symptoms and signs
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| Treatment |
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UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- Cyclin‑dependent kinase inhibitor p21 does not impact embryonic endochondral ossification in mice.
- Chinzei N1, Hayashi S1, Hashimoto S1, Kanzaki N1, Iwasa K1, Sakata S1, Kihara S1, Fujishiro T1, Kuroda R1, Kurosaka M1.
- Molecular medicine reports.Mol Med Rep.2015 Mar;11(3):1601-8. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2889. Epub 2014 Nov 6.
- Endochondral ossification at the growth plate is regulated by a number of factors and hormones. The cyclin‑dependent kinase inhibitor p21 has been identified as a cell cycle regulator and its expression has been reported to be essential for endochondral ossification in vitro. However, to the best
- PMID 25376471
- Loss of bone sialoprotein leads to impaired endochondral bone development and mineralization.
- Holm E1, Aubin JE2, Hunter GK3, Beier F4, Goldberg HA5.
- Bone.Bone.2015 Feb;71:145-54. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.10.007. Epub 2014 Oct 25.
- Bone sialoprotein (BSP) is an anionic phosphoprotein in the extracellular matrix of mineralized tissues, and a promoter of biomineralization and osteoblast development. Previous studies on the Bsp-deficient mouse (Bsp(-/-)) have demonstrated a significant bone and periodontal tissue phenotype in adu
- PMID 25464126
- Endochondral fracture healing with external fixation in the Sost knockout mouse results in earlier fibrocartilage callus removal and increased bone volume fraction and strength.
- Morse A1, Yu NY2, Peacock L3, Mikulec K4, Kramer I5, Kneissel M6, McDonald MM7, Little DG8.
- Bone.Bone.2015 Feb;71:155-63. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.10.018. Epub 2014 Oct 30.
- Sclerostin deficiency, via genetic knockout or anti-Sclerostin antibody treatment, has been shown to cause increased bone volume, density and strength of calluses following endochondral bone healing. However, there is limited data on the effect of Sclerostin deficiency on the formative early stage o
- PMID 25445453
Japanese Journal
- 高週齢マウス大腿骨骨折モデルにおける低出力超音波パルスの内軟骨性骨化の促進効果
- KATANO Motoaki,NARUSE Kouji,UCHIDA Kentaroo,MIKUNI TAKAGAKI Yuko,TAKASO Masashi,ITOMAN Moritoshi,URABE Ken
- Experimental animals 60(4), 385-395, 2011-07-01
- … The aim of this study is to clarify the effect of low intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) on shortening of the fracture healing period and endochondral ossification during the fracture healing process. …
- NAID 10029550747
- 剛性の異なる2種類のマウス大腿骨専用骨折作成・プレーティングシステムMouse Fixを用いた骨折治癒過程とFGF-2の発現の比較検討
- UENO Masaki,URABE Ken,NARUSE Kouji,UCHIDA Kentaroo,MINEHARA Hiroaki,YAMAMOTO Takeaki,STECK Roland,GREGORY Laura,WULLSCHLEGER Martin E.,SCHUETZ Michael A.,ITOMAN Moritoshi
- Experimental animals 60(1), 79-87, 2011-01-01
- … The flexible plate formed a large external callus as a result of endochondral ossification. …
- NAID 10029550016
Related Links
- ^Etymology from Greek: ἔνδον /endon, "within", and χόνδρος/chondros, "cartilage" ^ "Etymology of the English word endochondral". myEtymolgy. Retrieved December 2009. ^ Netter, Frank H. (1987), Musculoskeletal system ...
- Definition of endochondral ossification in the Medical Dictionary. endochondral ossification explanation. Information about endochondral ossification in Free online English dictionary. What is endochondral ossification? Meaning of ...
- In this packet you will learn about the second major form of bone development, endochondral ossification. You will also learn about growth plates and how the affect growth of the skeleton.
Related Pictures
★リンクテーブル★
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- 英
- endochondral ossification
- 同
- 内軟骨性骨化
- 関
- 膜性骨化
- 軟骨内骨化：体軸骨格と四肢骨のほとんど(鎖骨を除く)、脳底蓋の一部(篩骨、蝶形骨、側頭骨の錐体、後頭骨の基底部)
- 脳神経や脊髄の通路を囲む頭蓋底の骨は軟骨内骨化によりできるので軟骨頭蓋とも呼ばれる。
- 膜性骨化 ：頭蓋冠(前頭骨、頭頂骨、後頭骨(鱗)、側頭骨(鱗部))、顔面骨(上顎骨、下顎骨など)、鎖骨などの扁平骨
[★]
[★]
骨形成