WordNet

(geology) amass of fine-grained rock in which fossils, crystals, or gems are embedded
mold used in the production of phonograph records, type, or other relief surface
the body substance in which tissue cells are embedded (同)intercellular substance, ground_substance
(mathematics) a rectangular array of quantities or expressions set out by rows and columns; treated as a single element and manipulated according to rules
an enclosure within which something originates or develops (from the Latin for womb)
the formative tissue at the base of a nail
coat, inlay, or surface with enamel
a colored glassy compound (opaque or partially opaque) that is fused to the surface of metal or glass or pottery for decoration or protection
a paint that dries to a hard glossy finish
any smooth glossy coating that resembles ceramic glaze
hard white substance covering the crown of a tooth (同)tooth enamel
any of a large group of nitrogenous organic compounds that are essential constituents of living cells; consist of polymers of amino acids; essential in the diet of animals for growth and for repair of tissues; can be obtained from meat and eggs and milk and legumes; "a diet high in protein"

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（複数形 matrices, ～・es）(発生・成長の)母体 / 鋳型・模型;(レコードの)原盤;(活字の)母型,字母 / (金属・化石・宝石などの含んだ)母岩・《古》子宮・基盤; (細胞)細胞間質; (地学)基質; (印)字母; 紙型; 鋳型; (鉱)母岩; (数)行列; (コンピュータ)マトリックス (入力導線と出力導線の回路網); (言)母型文（matrix sentence）
〈U〉〈C〉エナメル,ほうろう / 〈C〉ほうろう細工,ほうろう鉄器 / 〈U〉〈C〉エナメル,光沢塗料 / 〈U〉(歯の)ほうろう質 / …‘に'エナメルをかける,ほうろう引きする;〈皮・布など〉‘に'つや出しする
蛋白(たんばく)質
マトリクシング(4チャンネルに再生転換できる2チャンネルの録音方式)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/09/24 09:36:43」(JST)

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In dentistry, enamel matrix derivative (EMD) is an extract of porcine fetal tooth material used to biomimetically stimulate the soft and hard tissues surrounding teeth to regrow (in a process known as regeneration) following tissue destruction.

Discovery of EMP's role in cementogenesis

There are three hard tissues that comprise human teeth: enamel, dentin and cementum. The majority of the tooth structure is formed from dentin, and the enamel serves as the superficial layer of the crown while the cementum serves to cover the root. In the mid-1990s, however, it was discovered that a very thin layer of enamel actually exists between the dentin and cementum on the roots of adult human teeth. This led researchers to conclude that enamel matrix proteins (or EMPs) laid down by Hertwig's epithelial root sheath serve as precursors to acellular cementum during its formation, known as cementogenesis.^[1] The presence of acellular cementum acts to signal the development of periodontal ligament fibers, followed by new alveolar bone, thus leading to the formation of the tissues of the periodontium.^[2]

Enamel matrix protein and its derivative

Making use of this finding, enamel matrix derivative (EMD) was introduced in 1996. A commercially prepared and purified extract of enamel matrix proteins, EMD is composed primarily of amelogenin and has been shown to promote PDL fibroblast proliferation and growth.^[3] Based on the high degree of homology between porcine and human enamel proteins, it was decided to produce the EMD from fetal pigs.^[4]

It was marketed as Emdogain by the Swedish company Biora, until Straumann acquired Biora in 2003 and began producing it under the Straumann name.

Mechanism of action

It is still unclear exactly how EMD participates in the regeneration process.^[5] But it has been demonstrated that EMD serves to promote periodontal ligament fibroblast proliferation and growth and inhibit epithelial cell proliferation and growth;^[3] this is a key feature in EMD-promoted periodontal tissue regeneration, because the faster-growing epithelium will ordinarily compete very successfully for the space once occupied by the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone, leading to tissue repair as opposed to regeneration.

EMD mimics normal root development by stimulating release of autocrine growth factors from periodontal ligament undifferentiated mesenchymal cells.^[6] EMD also stimulates osteoprotegerin, serving to trigger osteoblasts and indirectly inhibit both osteoclastogenesis and osteoclastic function, both of which are important in attaining alveolar bone growth in the area of desired regeneration.^[7]

References

^ Hammarström, L. Enamel matrix, cementum development and regeneration. J Clin Perio 1997;24:658-68.
^ Beertsen W,et al. The periodontal ligament: A unique, multifunctional, connective tissue. Perio 2000 1997;13:20-40.
^ ^a ^b Sculean A, et al. The application of an enamel matrix protein derivative (Emdogain) in regenerative periodontal therapy: A review. Med Princ Pract 2007;16:167-80.
^ Brooks, SJ, et al. Biochemistry and molecular biology of amelogenin proteins of developing dental enamel. Arch Oral Bio 1995;40:1-14
^ Boyan, BD, et al. Porcine fetal enamel matrix derivative enhances bone formation induced by demineralized freeze dried bone allograft in vivo. J Perio 2000;71:1278–1286
^ Lyngstadaas SP, et al. Autocrine growth factors in human periodontal ligament cells cultured on enamel matrix derivative. J Clin Perio 2001;28:181-8.
^ He J, et al. Emdogain promotes osteoblast proliferation and differentiation and stimulates osteoprotegerin expression. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2004;97:239-45

External links

Straumann - Emdogain

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English Journal

Bmp2 deletion causes an amelogenesis imperfecta phenotype via regulating enamel gene expression.

Guo F1, Feng J, Wang F, Li W, Gao Q, Chen Z, Shoff L, Donly KJ, Gluhak-Heinrich J, Chun YH, Harris SE, MacDougall M, Chen S.
Journal of cellular physiology.J Cell Physiol.2015 Aug;230(8):1871-82. doi: 10.1002/jcp.24915.
Although Bmp2 is essential for tooth formation, the role of Bmp2 during enamel formation remains unknown in vivo. In this study, the role of Bmp2 in regulation of enamel formation was investigated by the Bmp2 conditional knock out (Bmp2 cKO) mice. Teeth of Bmp2 cKO mice displayed severe and profound
PMID 25545831

Effect of tooth bleaching agents on protein content and mechanical properties of dental enamel.

Elfallah HM1, Bertassoni LE1, Charadram N2, Rathsam C3, Swain MV4.
Acta biomaterialia.Acta Biomater.2015 Jul 1;20:120-8. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.03.035. Epub 2015 Apr 1.
This study investigated the effect of two bleaching agents, 16% carbamide peroxide (CP) and 35% hydrogen peroxide (HP), on the mechanical properties and protein content of human enamel from freshly extracted teeth. The protein components of control and treated enamel were extracted and examined on s
PMID 25841347

The effect of cathepsin K inhibitor on osteoclastic activity compared to alendronate and enamel matrix protein.

Yang W1, Ko H, Kim H, Kim M.
Dental traumatology : official publication of International Association for Dental Traumatology.Dent Traumatol.2015 Jun;31(3):202-8. doi: 10.1111/edt.12152. Epub 2014 Nov 13.
BACKGROUND/AIM: There have been several attempts to treat delayed replantation with agents that inhibit root resorption. The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of cathepsin K inhibitor in inhibiting osteoclastic activity compared to that of alendronate and enamel matrix protein.MA
PMID 25394885