ジペプチド
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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2013/09/29 00:42:57」(JST)
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A dipeptide is a sometimes ambiguous designation of two classes of organic compounds: Its molecules contain either two amino acids joined by a single peptide bond or one amino acid with two peptide bonds.
Contents
- 1 Two amino acids, one peptide bond
- 2 One amino acid, two peptide bond
- 3 References
- 4 External links
Two amino acids, one peptide bond[edit]
In this usage, X dipeptide (with X designating an amino acid) must be understood as di-X peptide. This nomenclature is continued by tripeptide (three amino acids, two peptide bonds), tetrapeptide, and so on; longer chains are called oligopeptide, polypeptide, protein.
Dipeptides are produced from polypeptides by the action of the hydrolase enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase. Dietary proteins are digested to dipeptides and amino acids, and the dipeptides are absorbed more rapidly than the amino acids, because their uptake involves a separate mechanism. Dipeptides activate G-cells found in the stomach to secrete gastrin.
The Bergmann azlactone peptide synthesis is a classic organic synthesis for the preparation of dipeptides.[1][2]
Examples[edit]
- Carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidine) is highly concentrated in muscle and brain tissues.
- Anserine (beta-alanyl-N-methyl histidine) is found in the skeletal muscle and brain of mammals.
- Homoanserine (N-(4-aminobutyryl)-L-histidine) is another dipeptide identified in the brain and muscles of mammals.
- Kyotorphin (L-tyrosyl-L-arginine) is a neuroactive dipeptide which plays a role in pain regulation in the brain.
- Balenine (or ophidine) (beta-alanyl-N tau-methyl histidine) has been identified in the muscles of several species of mammal (including man), and the chicken.
- Aspartame (N-L-α-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine 1-methyl ester) is an artificial sweetener.
- Glorin (N-propionyl-γ-L-glutamyl-L-ornithine-δ-lac ethyl ester) is a chemotactic dipeptide for the slime-mould Polysphondylium violaceum.
- Barettin (cyclo-[(6-bromo-8-en-tryptophan)-arginine]) is a cyclic dipeptide from the marine sponge Geodia barretti.
- Pseudoproline
- Glycylglycine
One amino acid, two peptide bond[edit]
In this usage, X dipeptide is taken literally: One amino acid X is equipped with two minimal peptide bonds: The C terminus COOH becomes COCH3, the N terminus NH2 becomes NHCH3. For instance, alanine dipeptide is CH3CONHCH(CH3)CONHCH3.[3]
References[edit]
- ^ M. Bergmann et al., Ann. 449, 277 (1926)
- ^ drugfuture.com Link
- ^ T. Head-Gordon et al, A theoretical study of alanine dipeptide and analogs. International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 36, 311 (1989).
External links[edit]
- An introduction to dipeptides at PeptideGuide.
Endocrine system: hormones (Peptide hormones · Steroid hormones)
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Endocrine
glands |
Hypothalamic-
pituitary
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Hypothalamus
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GnRH · TRH · Dopamine · CRH · GHRH/Somatostatin · Melanin concentrating hormone
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Posterior pituitary
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Vasopressin · Oxytocin
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Anterior pituitary
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α (FSH FSHB, LH LHB, TSH TSHB, CGA) · Prolactin · POMC (CLIP, ACTH, MSH, Endorphins, Lipotropin) · GH
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Adrenal axis
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Adrenal cortex: aldosterone · cortisol · DHEA
Adrenal medulla: epinephrine · norepinephrine
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Thyroid axis
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Thyroid: thyroid hormone (T3 and T4) · calcitonin
Parathyroid: PTH
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Gonadal axis
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Testis: testosterone · AMH · inhibin
Ovary: estradiol · progesterone · activin and inhibin · relaxin (pregnancy)
Placenta: hCG · HPL · estrogen · progesterone
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Islet-Acinar
Axis
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Pancreas: glucagon · insulin · amylin · somatostatin · pancreatic polypeptide
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Pineal gland
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Pineal gland: melatonin
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Non-end.
glands |
Thymus: Thymosin (Thymosin α1, Thymosin beta) · Thymopoietin · Thymulin
Digestive system: Stomach: gastrin · ghrelin · Duodenum: CCK · Incretins (GIP, GLP-1) · secretin · motilin · VIP · Ileum: enteroglucagon · peptide YY · Liver/other: Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1, IGF-2)
Adipose tissue: leptin · adiponectin · resistin
Skeleton: Osteocalcin
Kidney: JGA (renin) · peritubular cells (EPO) · calcitriol · prostaglandin
Heart: Natriuretic peptide (ANP, BNP)
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noco (d)/cong/tumr, sysi/epon
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proc, drug (A10/H1/H2/H3/H5)
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UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- The impact of length variations in the L2 loop on the structure and thermal stability of non-specific porins: The case of OmpCs from the Yersinia pseudotuberculosis complex.
- Solov'eva T1, Likhatskaya G1, Khomenko V1, Guzev K1, Kim N1, Bystritskaya E1, Novikova O1, Stenkova A1, Rakin A2, Isaeva M3.
- Biochimica et biophysica acta.Biochim Biophys Acta.2018 Feb;1860(2):515-525. doi: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.10.014. Epub 2017 Oct 14.
- PMID 29038023
- Identification and characterization of a thermostable endolytic β-agarase Aga2 from a newly isolated marine agarolytic bacteria Cellulophaga omnivescoria W5C.
- Ramos KRM1, Valdehuesa KNG1, Nisola GM1, Lee WK2, Chung WJ3.
- New biotechnology.N Biotechnol.2018 Jan 25;40(Pt B):261-267. doi: 10.1016/j.nbt.2017.09.006. Epub 2017 Sep 27.
- PMID 28962879
- Isolation of a novel calcium-binding peptide from wheat germ protein hydrolysates and the prediction for its mechanism of combination.
- Wang L1, Ding Y2, Zhang X3, Li Y3, Wang R3, Luo X3, Li Y3, Li J3, Chen Z2.
- Food chemistry.Food Chem.2018 Jan 15;239:416-426. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.06.090. Epub 2017 Jun 16.
- PMID 28873586
Japanese Journal
- 魚類におけるイミダゾールジペプチドの機能性 (特集 機能性ペプチド : 利用の現状と展望) -- (天然ペプチドの生理機能)
- Bioactive and Taste-related Compounds in Defatted Freeze-dried Chicken Soup Made from Two Different Chicken Breeds Obtained at Retail
- , , , , ,
- The Journal of Poultry Science 52(2), 156-165, 2015
- … The betaine, carnitine, histidine dipeptide, creatine, nucleotide, free amino acid content, and fatty acid composition were analyzed in six DFDS samples from each breed. …
- NAID 130005068571
- Collagen-derived dipeptide prolyl-hydroxyproline promotes differentiation of MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells
- 君羅 好史,小倉 香名,谷内 友梨,片岡 綾,井上 直紀,Sugihara Fumihito,中谷 祥恵,清水 純,和田 政裕,真野 博
- Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 453(3), 498-501, 2014-10-24
- Prolyl-hydroxyproline (Pro-Hyp) is one of the major constituents of collagen-derived dipeptides. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of Pro-Hyp on the proliferation and differen …
- NAID 120005528643
Related Links
- Kyowa Hakko Bio (KHB) has established a novel industrial process for dipeptide manufacturing. Because dipeptides have characteristics that cannot be found in ... What is a dipeptide? Peptides are short polymers formed by the ...
- Dipeptide definition, a peptide that yields two amino acids on hydrolysis. See more. Thesaurus Translate Puzzles & Games Reference Word of the Day Blog Slideshows Apps by Dictionary My Account Log Out Log In Dictionary ...
Related Pictures
★リンクテーブル★
[★]
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- dipeptide
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- dipeptide
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ムラミルジペプチド
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