関: dicotyledon、Dicotyledoneae、dicotyledonous

WordNet

flowering plant with two cotyledons; the stem grows by deposit on its outside (同)dicotyledon, magnoliopsid, exogen
(of a flowering plant) having two cotyledons in the seed
family of flowering plants having two cotyledons (embryonic leaves) in the seed which usually appear at germination (同)magnoliopsid family
genus of dicotyledonous flowering plants regarded as among the most primitive of extant angiosperms
genus of relatively early dicotyledonous plants including mostly flowers
genus of more or less advanced dicotyledonous trees and shrubs and herbs

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双子葉植物

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/12/13 06:35:17」(JST)

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Young castor oil plant showing its prominent two embryonic leaves (cotyledons), that differ from the adult leaves.

The dicotyledons, also known as dicots, were one of the two groups into which all the flowering plants or angiosperms were formerly divided. The name refers to one of the typical characteristics of the group, namely that the seed typically has two embryonic leaves or cotyledons. There are around 200,000 species within this group.^[1] The other group of flowering plants were called monocotyledons or monocots, typically having one cotyledon. Historically, these two groups formed the two divisions of the flowering plants.

Largely from the 1990s onwards, molecular phylogenetic research confirmed what had already been suspected, namely that dicotyledons are not a group made up of all the descendants of a common ancestor (i.e. they are not a monophyletic group). Rather a number of lineages, such as the magnoliids and groups now collectively known as the basal angiosperms diverged earlier than the monocots did. The traditional dicots are thus a paraphyletic group. The largest clade of the dicotyledons are known as the eudicots. They are distinguished from all other flowering plants by the structure of their pollen. Other dicotyledons and monocotyledons have monosulcate pollen, or forms derived from it, whereas eudicots have tricolpate pollen, or derived forms, the pollen having three or more pores set in furrows called colpi.

Compared to Monocotyledons

Aside from cotyledon number, other broad differences have been noted between monocots and dicots, although these have proven to be differences primarily between monocots and eudicots. Many early-diverging dicot groups have "monocot" characteristics such as scattered vascular bundles, trimerous flowers, and non-tricolpate pollen.^[2] In addition, some monocots have dicot characteristics such as reticulated leaf veins.^[2]

Feature	In monocots	In dicots
Number of parts of each flower	In threes (flowers are trimerous)	In fours or fives (tetramerous or pentamerous)
Number of furrows or pores in pollen	One	Three
Number of cotyledons (leaves in the seed)	One	Two
Arrangement of vascular bundles in the stem	Scattered	In concentric circles
Roots	Are adventitious	Develop from the radicle
Arrangement of major leaf veins	Parallel	Reticulate
Secondary growth	Absent	Often present

Classification

Historical

Traditionally the dicots have been called the Dicotyledones (or Dicotyledoneae), at any rank. If treated as a class, as in the Cronquist system, they could be called the Magnoliopsida after the type genus Magnolia. In some schemes, the eudicots were treated as a separate class, the Rosopsida (type genus Rosa), or as several separate classes. The remaining dicots (palaeodicots or basal angiosperms) may be kept in a single paraphyletic class, called Magnoliopsida, or further divided.

APG (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group) vs. Cronquist Classification

The following lists show the orders in the APG III system traditionally called dicots,^[3] together with the older Cronquist system.

APG III (polyphyletic)	Cronquist system (classis Magnoliopsida)
Amborellales Nymphaeales Austrobaileyales Chloranthales magnoliids Canellales Laurales Magnoliales Piperales eudicots Sabiaceae Buxales Proteales Ranunculales Trochodendrales core eudicots Dilleniaceae Gunnerales Saxifragales Berberidopsidales Caryophyllales Santalales rosids Vitales fabids (eurosids I) Celastrales Cucurbitales Fabales Fagales Malpighiales Oxalidales Rosales Zygophyllales malvids (eurosids II) Brassicales Crossosomatales Geraniales Huerteales Malvales Myrtales Picramniales Sapindales asterids Cornales Ericales lamiids (euasterids I) Boraginaceae Vahliaceae Icacinaceae Metteniusaceae Oncothecaceae Garryales Gentianales Lamiales Solanales campanulids (euasterids II) Apiales Aquifoliales Asterales Bruniales Dipsacales Escalloniales Paracryphiales	Magnoliidae (mostly basal dicots) Magnoliales Laurales Piperales Aristolochiales Illiciales Nymphaeales Ranunculales Papaverales Hamamelidae Trochodendrales Hamamelidales Daphniphyllales Didymelales Eucommiales Urticales Leitneriales Juglandales Myricales Fagales Casuarinales Caryophyllidae Caryophyllales Polygonales Plumbaginales Dilleniidae Dilleniales Theales Malvales Lecythidales Nepenthales Violales Salicales Capparales Batales Ericales Diapensiales Ebenales Primulales Rosidae Rosales Fabales Proteales Podostemales Haloragales Myrtales Rhizophorales Cornales Santalales Rafflesiales Celastrales Euphorbiales Rhamnales Linales Polygalales Sapindales Geraniales Apiales Asteridae Gentianales Solanales Lamiales Callitrichales Plantaginales Scrophulariales Campanulales Rubiales Dipsacales Calycerales Asterales

Dahlgren and Thorne systems

In the Dahlgren and the Thorne systems, the subclass name Magnoliidae was used for the dicotyledons. This is also the case in some of the systems derived from the Cronquist system. For each system, only the superorders are listed. The sequence of each system has been altered to pair corresponding taxa, although circumscription of superorders with the same name is not always the same. The Thorne system (1992) as depicted by Reveal is:

**Comparison of the Dahlgren and Thorne systems**
Dahlgren system	Thorne system
Magnolianae Ranunculanae	Magnolianae Rafflesianae
Nymphaeanae	Nymphaeanae
Caryophyllanae	Caryophyllanae
Theanae Plumbaginanae Polygonanae Primulanae Ericanae	Theanae
Malvanae	Malvanae
Violanae	Violanae
Rosanae	Rosanae
Proteanae	Proteanae
Myrtanae	Myrtanae
Rutanae	Rutanae Celastranae Geranianae
Santalanae	Santalanae
Balanophoranae	Santalanae
Asteranae	Asteranae
Solananae	Solananae
Cornanae Vitanae	Cornanae Aralianae
Loasanae	Loasanae
Dicotyledons	Gentiananae Lamianae	Gentiananae

References

^ Hamilton, Alan; Hamilton, Patrick (2006), Plant conservation : an ecosystem approach, London: Earthscan, p. 2, ISBN 978-1-84407-083-1
^ ^a ^b "Monocots versus Dicots". University of California Museum of Paleontology. Retrieved 25 January 2012.
^ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009), "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161 (2): 105–121, doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x, retrieved 2010-12-10

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「双子葉類」「Dicotyledoneae」「双子葉植物」
拡張検索	「Bandicota」「Bandicota属」「dicotyledon」「dicotyledonous」

「双子葉類」

Dicotyledon
	; Lamium album (white dead nettle)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae;
Division:	Magnoliophyta;
Class:	Magnoliopsida*; Brongniart
Included groups
	Eudicot; Magnoliid; Amborella; Nymphaeales; Austrobaileyales; Chloranthales; Ceratophyllum;
Excluded groups
	Monocot;
Synonyms
	Dicotyledoneae;