Dichloroacetic acid
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|
| Names |
| IUPAC name
Dichloroacetic acid
|
| Other names
Dichloroethanoic acid
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| Identifiers |
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CAS Registry Number
|
79-43-6 Y |
| ChEBI |
CHEBI:36386 Y |
| ChEMBL |
ChEMBL13960 Y |
| ChemSpider |
10771217 Y |
| DrugBank |
DB08809 Y |
InChI
-
InChI=1S/C2H2Cl2O2/c3-1(4)2(5)6/h1H,(H,5,6) Y
Key: JXTHNDFMNIQAHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y
-
InChI=1/C2H2Cl2O2/c3-1(4)2(5)6/h1H,(H,5,6)
Key: JXTHNDFMNIQAHM-UHFFFAOYAK
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| Jmol-3D images |
Image |
| KEGG |
C11149 Y |
| MeSH |
Dichloroacetate |
| PubChem |
6597 |
| RTECS number |
AG6125000 |
|
|
| UNII |
9LSH52S3LQ Y |
| Properties |
|
Chemical formula
|
C2H2Cl2O2 |
| Molar mass |
128.94 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance |
Colorless liquid |
| Density |
1.5634 g/cm3 (20 °C) |
| Melting point |
9 to 11 °C (48 to 52 °F; 282 to 284 K) |
| Boiling point |
194 °C (381 °F; 467 K) |
|
Solubility in water
|
miscible |
| Solubility |
miscible with ethanol, diethyl ether[1] |
| Acidity (pKa) |
1.35[1] |
| Thermochemistry |
|
Std enthalpy of
formation (ΔfHo298)
|
-496.3 kJ·mol−1[1] |
| Hazards |
| Safety data sheet |
MSDS (jtbaker) |
| R-phrases |
R35 R50 |
| S-phrases |
(S1/2) S26 S45 S61 |
| NFPA 704 |
|
| Related compounds |
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Related chloroacetic acids
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Chloroacetic acid
Trichloroacetic acid |
|
Related compounds
|
Acetic acid
Difluoroacetic acid
Dibromoacetic acid |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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| Y verify (what is: Y/N?) |
| Infobox references |
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Dichloroacetic acid, often abbreviated DCA, is the chemical compound with formula CHCl
2COOH. It is an acid, an analogue of acetic acid, in which two of the three hydrogen atoms of the methyl group have been replaced by chlorine atoms. The salts and esters of dichloroacetic acid are called dichloroacetates. Salts of DCA have been studied as potential drugs because they inhibit the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase.[2]
Although preliminary studies have shown DCA can slow the growth of certain tumors in animal studies and in vitro studies, there is currently insufficient evidence to support the use of DCA for cancer treatment.[3]
Contents
- 1 Chemistry and occurrence
- 2 Research
- 2.1 Lactic acidosis
- 2.2 Cancer
- 2.3 Neuropathy
- 2.4 Heart Failure
- 3 References
- 4 External links
Chemistry and occurrence
The chemistry of dichloroacetic acid is typical for halogenated organic acids. It is a member of the chloroacetic acids family. The dichloroacetate ion is produced when the acid is mixed with water. As an acid with a pKa of 1.35,[1] pure dichloroacetic acid is very corrosive and extremely destructive to tissues of the mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract via inhalation.[4]
DCA has been shown to occur in nature in at least one seaweed, Asparagopsis taxiformis.[5] It is a trace product of the chlorination of drinking water and is produced by the metabolism of various chlorine-containing drugs or chemicals.[6] DCA is typically prepared by the reduction of trichloroacetic acid. DCA is prepared from chloral hydrate also by the reaction with calcium carbonate and sodium cyanide in water followed by acidifying with hydrochloric acid.
Research
Lactic acidosis
A randomized controlled trial in children with congenital lactic acidosis found that while DCA was well tolerated, it was ineffective in improving clinical outcomes.[7] A separate trial of DCA in children with MELAS (a syndrome of inadequate mitochondrial function, leading to lactic acidosis) was halted early, as all 15 of the children receiving DCA experienced significant nerve toxicity without any evidence of benefit from the medication.[8] A randomized controlled trial of DCA in adults with lactic acidosis found that while DCA lowered blood lactate levels, it had no clinical benefit and did not improve hemodynamics or survival.[9]
Thus, while early case reports and pre-clinical data suggested that DCA might be effective for lactic acidosis, subsequent controlled trials have found no clinical benefit of DCA in this setting. In addition, clinical trial subjects were incapable of continuing on DCA as a study medication owing to progressive toxicities.
Cancer
Although preliminary studies have shown DCA can slow the growth of certain tumors in animal studies and in vitro studies "Available evidence does not support the use of DCA for cancer treatment at this time."[3] Physicians warned of potential problems if people attempt to try DCA outside a controlled clinical trial. "If it starts going badly, who is following you before it gets out of control? By the time you realize your liver is failing, you're in big trouble", said Laura Shanner, Associate Professor of Health Ethics at the University of Alberta.[10] Notably, at least one fraudster, Hazim Gaber, has been convicted and sentenced to 33 months in prison for selling fake DCA to cancer sufferers.[11]
The only monitored in vivo dosage of five human patients suffering from glioblastoma with DCA was not designed to test its efficacy vs. their cancer, but rather to ascertain whether it could be given at a specific dosage safely without causing e.g. neuropathy. All 5 patients were receiving other treatments during the study.[12][13] Observations in vitro and of tumours extracted from those 5 patients suggest that DCA might act against cancer cells by depolarising abnormal mitochondria found in glioblastoma cancer cells – allowing the mitochondria to induce apoptosis (cell death) of the malignant cells.[12] However, in vitro work with DCA on neuroblastomas (which have fewer recognised mitochondrial abnormalities) also showed some activity against very malignant, undifferentiated cells.[14]
Neuropathy
Neuropathy has been a problem in some clinical trials with DCA causing them to be effectively halted,[8] but a review found that it has not occurred in other trials.[15] The mechanism of DCA induced neuropathy is not well understood.[16] On the one hand in vitro work with nerves has suggested a mechanism for the neuropathic effect of DCA; with DCA showing a dose and exposure dependent demyelination of nerves (stripping of the nerve 'sheath'), which demyelination was partially reversible over time, following washout of DCA.[17] On the other hand, a review in BJC [15] states "This neurotoxicity resembled the pattern of length-dependent, axonal, sensorimotor polyneuropathy without demyelination." with regard to the 2006 study by Kaufman et al.[8]
Heart Failure
DCA has been investigated as a treatment for post-ischemic recovery.[18] There is also evidence that DCA improves metabolism by NADH production stimulation, but may lead to a depletion of NADH in normoxia.[19]
References
- ^ a b c d Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. ISBN 1439855110.
- ^ Kato, Masato; Li, Jun; Chuang, Jacinta L.; Chuang, David T. (2007). "Distinct Structural Mechanisms for Inhibition of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase Isoforms by AZD7545, Dichloroacetate, and Radicicol". Structure 15 (8): 992–1004. doi:10.1016/j.str.2007.07.001. PMC 2871385. PMID 17683942.
- ^ a b "Dichloracetate (DCA)". American Cancer Society. Retrieved 1 December 2012.
- ^ "Dichloroacetic Acid". Hazard.com. 1998-04-21. Retrieved 2015-04-17.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ Stacpoole, Peter W.; Henderson, George N.; Yan, Zimeng; James, Margaret O. (1998). "Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology of Dichloroacetate". Environmental Health Perspectives 106: 989–94. doi:10.2307/3434142. JSTOR 3434142. PMC 1533324. PMID 9703483.
- ^ Stacpoole, P. W.; Kerr, D. S.; Barnes, C; Bunch, S. T.; Carney, P. R.; Fennell, E. M.; Felitsyn, N. M.; Gilmore, R. L.; Greer, M; Henderson, G. N.; Hutson, A. D.; Neiberger, R. E.; O'Brien, R. G.; Perkins, L. A.; Quisling, R. G.; Shroads, A. L.; Shuster, J. J.; Silverstein, J. H.; Theriaque, D. W.; Valenstein, E (2006). "Controlled Clinical Trial of Dichloroacetate for Treatment of Congenital Lactic Acidosis in Children". Pediatrics 117 (5): 1519–31. doi:10.1542/peds.2005-1226. PMID 16651305.
- ^ a b c Kaufmann, P.; Engelstad, K.; Wei, Y.; Jhung, S.; Sano, M. C.; Shungu, D. C.; Millar, W. S.; Hong, X.; Gooch, C. L.; Mao, X.; Pascual, J. M.; Hirano, M.; Stacpoole, P. W.; Dimauro, S.; De Vivo, D. C. (2006). "Dichloroacetate causes toxic neuropathy in MELAS: A randomized, controlled clinical trial". Neurology 66 (3): 324–30. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000196641.05913.27. PMID 16476929.
- ^ Stacpoole, Peter W.; Wright, Elizabeth C.; Baumgartner, Thomas G.; Bersin, Robert M.; Buchalter, Scott; Curry, Stephen H.; Duncan, Charles A.; Harman, Eloise M.; Henderson, George N.; Jenkinson, Steven; Lachin, John M.; Lorenz, Anthea; Schneider, Stephen H.; Siegel, John H.; Summer, Warren R.; Thompson, Douglas; Wolfe, Christopher L.; Zorovich, Barbara (1992). "A Controlled Clinical Trial of Dichloroacetate for Treatment of Lactic Acidosis in Adults". New England Journal of Medicine 327 (22): 1564–9. doi:10.1056/NEJM199211263272204. PMID 1435883.
- ^ Andrea Sands (March 18, 2007). "Experts caution against patients compiling own data on unapproved cancer drug". Edmonton Journal.
- ^ [2][dead link]
- ^ a b Michelakis, E. D.; Sutendra, G.; Dromparis, P.; Webster, L.; Haromy, A.; Niven, E.; Maguire, C.; Gammer, T. L.; MacKey, J. R.; Fulton, D.; Abdulkarim, B.; McMurtry, M. S.; Petruk, K. C. (2010). "Metabolic Modulation of Glioblastoma with Dichloroacetate". Science Translational Medicine 2 (31): 31ra34. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3000677. PMID 20463368.
- ^ [3][dead link]
- ^ Vella, Serena; Conti, Matteo; Tasso, Roberta; Cancedda, Ranieri; Pagano, Aldo (2012). "Dichloroacetate inhibits neuroblastoma growth by specifically acting against malignant undifferentiated cells". International Journal of Cancer 130 (7): 1484–93. doi:10.1002/ijc.26173. PMID 21557214.
- ^ a b Michelakis, E D; Webster, L; MacKey, J R (2008). "Dichloroacetate (DCA) as a potential metabolic-targeting therapy for cancer". British Journal of Cancer 99 (7): 989–94. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6604554. PMC 2567082. PMID 18766181.
- ^ [4][dead link]
- ^ Felitsyn, Natalia; Stacpoole, Peter W.; Notterpek, Lucia (2007). "Dichloroacetate causes reversible demyelination in vitro: Potential mechanism for its neuropathic effect". Journal of Neurochemistry 100 (2): 429–36. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04248.x. PMID 17241159.
- ^ "Dichloroacetate stimulation of glucose oxidation improves recovery of ischemic rat hearts.". PMID 2221115.
- ^ Jaimes, R 3rd. "Functional response of the isolated, perfused normoxic heart to pyruvate dehydrogenase activation by dichloroacetate and pyruvate.". PMID 26142699.
External links
- International Chemical Safety Card 0868
