adj.

図表の

関: chart、diagram、graphically

WordNet

shown or represented by diagrams (同)diagrammatical
make a schematic or technical drawing of that shows interactions among variables or how something is constructed (同)plot
a drawing intended to explain how something works; a drawing showing the relation between the parts
plan in detail; "Bush is charting a course to destroy Saddam Hussein"
a map designed to assist navigation by air or sea
a visual display of information
make a chart of; "chart the territory"
with respect to graphic aspects; "graphically interesting designs"
in a graphic way; "he described the event graphically"
in a diagrammatic manner; "the landscape unit drawn diagrammatically illustrates the gentle rolling relief, with a peat-filled basin" (同)graphically

PrepTutorEJDIC

図表(図式)で表した,図表(図式)の
説明図,略図;図表,予定表,グラフ;図解 / …‘を'図解する,図示する,‘の'図表を作る
『海図』,水路図 / 『図表』 / …'を'図表(海図)に作る / 《話》〈行動など〉'を'計画する(plan)
図表(図式)で
=diagrammatic

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A diagram is a symbolic representation of information according to some visualization technique. Diagrams have been used since ancient times, but became more prevalent during the Enlightenment.^[1] Sometimes, the technique uses a three-dimensional visualization which is then projected onto a two-dimensional surface. The word graph is sometimes used as a synonym for diagram.

Overview

The term diagram in its commonly used sense can have a general or specific meaning:

visual information device : Like the term "illustration" the diagram is used as a collective term standing for the whole class of technical genres, including graphs, technical drawings and tables.^[2]
specific kind of visual display : This is the genre that shows qualitative data with shapes that are connected by lines, arrows, or other visual links.

In science the term is used in both ways. For example Anderson (1997) stated more generally: "diagrams are pictorial, yet abstract, representations of information, and maps, line graphs, bar charts, engineering blueprints, and architects' sketches are all examples of diagrams, whereas photographs and video are not".^[3] On the other hand Lowe (1993) defined diagrams as specifically "abstract graphic portrayals of the subject matter they represent".^[4]

In the specific sense diagrams and charts contrast with computer graphics, technical illustrations, infographics, maps, and technical drawings, by showing "abstract rather than literal representations of information".^[2] The essence of a diagram can be seen as:^[2]

a form of visual formatting devices
a display that does not show quantitative data (numerical data), but rather relationships and abstract information
with building blocks such as geometrical shapes connected by lines, arrows, or other visual links.

Or in Hall's (1996) words "diagrams are simplified figures, caricatures in a way, intended to convey essential meaning".^[5] These simplified figures are often based on a set of rules. The basic shape according to White (1984) can be characterized in terms of "elegance, clarity, ease, pattern, simplicity, and validity".^[2] Elegance is basically determined by whether or not the diagram is "the simplest and most fitting solution to a problem".^[6]

Main diagram types

There are at least the following types of diagrams:

Chart-like diagrams, which take a collection of items and relationships between them, and express them by giving each item a 2D position, while the relationships are expressed as connections between the items or overlaps between the items; examples of such techniques:

tree diagram
network diagram
flowchart
Venn diagram
existential graph

Graph-based diagrams; theses display a relationship between two variables that take either discrete or a continuous ranges of values; examples:

histogram
bar graph
pie chart
function graph
scatter plot

Schematics and other types of diagrams, e.g.,

train diagram
exploded view
population density map
Pioneer plaque
Three-dimensional diagram

Many of these types of diagrams are commonly generated using diagramming software. Thousands of diagram techniques exist. Some more examples follow.

Specific diagram types

A

Activity diagram used in UML 6/9 and SysML

B

Bachman diagram
Booch – used in software engineering
Block diagram
Block Definition Diagram (BDD) used in SysML
Business & IT Diagram (B&IT) – used in business and IT modelling

C

Carroll diagram
Cartogram
Category theory diagrams
Cause-and-effect diagram
Circuit diagram
Class diagram – from UML 1/9
Collaboration diagram – from UML 2.0
Communication diagram – from UML 2.0
Commutative diagram
Comparison diagram
Component diagram – from UML 3/9
Composite structure diagram – from UML 2.0
Concept map
Constellation diagram
Context diagram
Control flow diagram
Contour diagram
Cordier diagram
Cross functional flowchart

D

Data model diagram
Data flow diagram
Data structure diagram
Dendrogram
Dependency diagram
Deployment diagram – from UML 9/9
Dot and cross diagram
Double bubble map – used in education
Drakon-chart

E

Entity-Relationship diagram (ERD)
Event-driven process chain
Euler diagram
Eye diagram – a diagram of a received telecommunications signal
Express-G
Extended Functional Flow Block Diagram (EFFBD)

F

Family tree
Feynman diagram
Flow chart
Flow process chart
Flow diagram
Fusion diagram
Free body diagram

G

Gantt chart – shows the timing of tasks or activities (used in project management)
Grotrian diagram
Goodman diagram – shows the fatigue data (example: for a wind turbine blades)

H

Hasse diagram
HIPO diagram

I

Internal Block Diagram (IBD) used in SysML
IDEF0
IDEF1 (entity relations)
Interaction overview diagram – from UML
Ishikawa diagram

J

Jackson diagram

K

Karnaugh map
Kinematic diagram

L

Ladder diagram
Line of balance
Link grammar diagram

M

Martin ERD
Message Sequence Chart
Mind map – used for learning, brainstorming, memory, visual thinking and problem solving
Minkowski spacetime diagram
Molecular orbital diagram

N

N2
Nassi–Shneiderman diagram or structogram – a representation for structured programming
Nomogram
[Network connection]

O

Object diagram – from UML 2/9
Organigram
Onion diagram – also known as "stacked Venn diagram"

P

Package diagram from UML 4/9 and SysML
Parametric diagram from SysML
PERT
Petri net – shows the structure of a distributed system as a directed bipartite graph with annotations
Phylogenetic tree - represents a phylogeny (evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms)
Piping and instrumentation diagram (P&ID)
Phase diagram used to present solid/liquid/gas information
Plant Diagram
Pressure volume diagram used to analyse engines
Pourbaix diagram
Process flow diagram or PFD – used in chemical engineering
Program structure diagram

R

Radar chart
Radial Diagram
Requirement Diagram Used in SysML
Rich Picture
R-diagram

S

Sankey diagram – represents material, energy or cost flows with quantity proportional arrows in a process network.
Sentence diagram – represents the grammatical structure of a natural language sentence.
Sequence diagram from UML 8/9 and SysML
SDL/GR diagram – Specification and Description Language. SDL is a formal language used in computer science.
Smith chart
Spider chart
Spray diagram
SSADM – Structured Systems Analysis and Design Methodology (used in software engineering)
Star chart/Celestial sphere
State diagram are used for state machines in software engineering from UML 7/9
Swim lane
Syntax diagram used in software engineering to represent a context-free grammar
Systems Biology Graphical Notation – a graphical notation used in diagrams of biochemical and cellular processes studied in Systems biology
System context diagram
System structure
Systematic layout planning

T

Timing Diagram: Digital Timing Diagram
Timing Diagram: UML 2.0
TQM Diagram

U

UML diagram – Unified Modeling Language (used in software engineering)
Use case diagram – from UML 5/9 and SysML

V

Value Stream Mapping
Venn diagram
Voronoi diagram

W

Warnier-Orr

Y

Yourdon-Coad – see Edward Yourdon, used in software engineering

References

^ Eddy, Matthew Daniel (2014). "How to See a Diagram: A Visual Anthropology of Chemical Affinity". Osiris 29: 178–196. doi:10.1086/678093.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Brasseur, Lee E. (2003). Visualizing technical information: a cultural critique. Amityville, N.Y: Baywood Pub. ISBN 0-89503-240-6.
^ Michael Anderson (1997). "Introduction to Diagrammatic Reasoning". Retrieved 21 July 2008.
^ Lowe, Richard K. (1993). "Diagrammatic information: techniques for exploring its mental representation and processing". Information Design Journal 7 (1): 3–18. doi:10.1075/idj.7.1.01low.
^ Bert S. Hall (1996). "The Didactic and the Elegant: Some Thoughts on Scientific and Technological Illustrations in the Middle Ages and Renaissance". in: B. Braigie (ed.) Picturing knowledge: historical and philosophical problems concerning the use of art in science. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p.9
^ White, Jan V. (1984). Using charts and graphs: 1000 ideas for visual persuasion. New York: Bowker. ISBN 0-8352-1894-5.

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