n.

チャート、図表、カルテ

関: diagram、diagrammatic、graphically

WordNet

plan in detail; "Bush is charting a course to destroy Saddam Hussein"
a map designed to assist navigation by air or sea
a visual display of information
make a chart of; "chart the territory"
make a schematic or technical drawing of that shows interactions among variables or how something is constructed (同)plot
a drawing intended to explain how something works; a drawing showing the relation between the parts
with respect to graphic aspects; "graphically interesting designs"
in a graphic way; "he described the event graphically"
shown or represented by diagrams (同)diagrammatical
a chart showing the relative positions of the stars in a particular part of the sky
a list of foods and information about their caloric content
burn to charcoal; "Without a drenching rain, the forest fire will char everything" (同)coal
burn slightly and superficially so as to affect color; "The cook blackened the chicken breast"; "The fire charred the ceiling above the mantelpiece"; "the flames scorched the ceiling" (同)blacken, sear, scorch
a charred substance
any of several small trout-like fish of the genus Salvelinus (同)charr

PrepTutorEJDIC

『海図』,水路図 / 『図表』 / …'を'図表(海図)に作る / 《話》〈行動など〉'を'計画する(plan)
説明図,略図;図表,予定表,グラフ;図解 / …‘を'図解する,図示する,‘の'図表を作る
図表(図式)で表した,図表(図式)の
…'を'焦がす / (焼いて)…'を'炭にする / こげる
(時間ぎめや日雇いで)〈婦人が〉雑役をする
=chatwoman
=tea

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/24 06:32:36」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

A pie chart showing the composition of the 38th Parliament of Canada.

A chart, also called a graph, is a graphical representation of data, in which "the data is represented by symbols, such as bars in a bar chart, lines in a line chart, or slices in a pie chart".^[1] A chart can represent tabular numeric data, functions or some kinds of qualitative structure and provides different info.

The term "chart" as a graphical representation of data has multiple meanings:

A data chart is a type of diagram or graph, that organizes and represents a set of numerical or qualitative data.
Maps that are adorned with extra information (map surround) for a specific purpose are often known as charts, such as a nautical chart or aeronautical chart, typically spread over several map sheets.
Other domain specific constructs are sometimes called charts, such as the chord chart in music notation or a record chart for album popularity.

Charts are often used to ease understanding of large quantities of data and the relationships between parts of the data. Charts can usually be read more quickly than the raw data that they are produced from. They are used in a wide variety of fields, and can be created by hand (often on graph paper) or by computer using a charting application. Certain types of charts are more useful for presenting a given data set than others. For example, data that presents percentages in different groups (such as "satisfied, not satisfied, unsure") are often displayed in a pie chart, but may be more easily understood when presented in a horizontal bar chart.^[2] On the other hand, data that represents numbers that change over a period of time (such as "annual revenue from 1990 to 2000") might be best shown as a line chart.

Features of a chart

A chart can take a large variety of forms, however there are common features that provide the chart with its ability to extract meaning from data.

Typically the data in a chart is represented graphically, since humans are generally able to infer meaning from pictures quicker than from text. Text is generally used only to annotate the data.

One of the more important uses of text in a graph is the title. A graph's title usually appears above the main graphic and provides a succinct description of what the data in the graph refers to.

Dimensions in the data are often displayed on axes. If a horizontal and a vertical axis are used, they are usually referred to as the x-axis and y-axis respectively. Each axis will have a scale, denoted by periodic graduations and usually accompanied by numerical or categorical indications. Each axis will typically also have a label displayed outside or beside it, briefly describing the dimension represented. If the scale is numerical, the label will often be suffixed with the unit of that scale in parentheses. For example, "Distance traveled (m)" is a typical x-axis label and would mean that the distance travelled, in units of metres, is related to the horizontal position of the data within the chart.

Within the graph a grid of lines may appear to aid in the visual alignment of data. The grid can be enhanced by visually emphasizing the lines at regular or significant graduations. The emphasized lines are then called major grid lines and the remainder are minor grid lines.

The data of a chart can appear in all manner of formats, and may include individual textual labels describing the datum associated with the indicated position in the chart. The data may appear as dots or shapes, connected or unconnected, and in any combination of colors and patterns. Inferences or points of interest can be overlaid directly on the graph to further aid information extraction.

When the data appearing in a chart contains multiple variables, the chart may include a legend (also known as a key). A legend contains a list of the variables appearing in the chart and an example of their appearance. This information allows the data from each variable to be identified in the chart.

Types of charts

Common charts

Four of the most common charts are:

Histogram
Bar chart
Pie chart
Line chart

This gallery shows:

A histogram consists of tabular frequencies, shown as adjacent rectangles, erected over discrete intervals (bins), with an area equal to the frequency of the observations in the interval.
A bar chart is a chart with rectangular bars with lengths proportional to the values that they represent. The bars can be plotted vertically or horizontally.
A pie chart shows percentage values as a slice of a pie.
A line chart is a two-dimensional scatterplot of ordered observations where the observations are connected following their order.

Other common charts are:

Timeline chart
Organizational chart
Tree chart
Flow chart
Area chart
Cartogram
Pedigree chart

Less-common charts

Examples of less common charts are:

Bubble chart
Polar area diagram
Waterfall chart
Radar chart
Tree map
Streamgraph
GapChart

This gallery shows:

A bubble chart is a two-dimensional scatterplot where a third variable is represented by the size of the points.
A polar area diagram, sometimes called a Coxcomb chart, is an enhanced form of pie chart developed by Florence Nightingale.
A radar chart or "spider chart" or "doi" is a two-dimensional chart of three or more quantitative variables represented on axes starting from the same point.
A waterfall chart also known as a "Walk" chart, is a special type of floating-column chart.
A tree map where the areas of the rectangles correspond to values. Other dimensions can be represented with colour or hue.
A streamgraph, a stacked, curvilinear area graph displaced around a central axis
A GapChart, a time series chart showing evolving gaps and equalities between series. Other dimensions can be represented with colour or hue.

Field-specific charts

Some types of charts have specific uses in a certain field

Open-high-low-close chart
Candlestick chart
Kagi chart
Sparkline

This gallery shows:

Stock market prices are often depicted with an open-high-low-close chart with a traditional bar chart of volume at the bottom.
Candlestick charts are another type of bar chart used to describe price movements of an equity over time.
A Kagi chart is a time-independent stock tracking chart that attempts to minimise noise.
Alternatively, where less detail is required, and chart size is paramount, a Sparkline may be used.

Other examples:

Interest rates, temperatures, etc., at the close of the period are plotted with a line chart.
Project planners use a Gantt chart to show the timing of tasks as they occur over time.

Well-known named charts

Some of the better-known named charts are:

Gantt chart
Nolan chart
PERT chart
Smith chart

Some specific charts have become well known by effectively explaining a phenomenon or idea.

An Allele chart is a chart originating from the study of genetics to show the interaction of two data points in a grid.
A Gantt chart helps in scheduling complex projects.
The Nolan chart and the Pournelle chart classify political philosophies according to two axes of variation.
A PERT chart is often used in project management.
The Smith chart serves in radio electronics.

Other charts

There are dozens of other types of charts. Here are some of them:

Control chart
Greninger chart
Heatmap
Natal chart
Nomogram
Pareto chart
Run chart
Strip chart
Structure chart
Vowel chart

More example: Bernal chart ...

Common plots

Box plot
Dot plot (statistics)
Probability plot
Scatterplot
Biplot

Chart software

While charts can be drawn by hand, computer software is often used to automatically produce a chart based on entered data. For examples of commonly used software tools, see List of charting software.

References

^ Cary Jensen, Loy Anderson (1992). Harvard graphics 3: the complete reference. Osborne McGraw-Hill ISBN 0-07-881749-8 p.413
^ Howard Wainer (1997) 'Visual revelations: graphical tales of fate and deception from Napoleon Bonaparte to Ross Perot,Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. ISBN 0-8058-3878-3 p.87-90

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 乳幼児および思春期前の小児における通常の成長パターン normal growth patterns in infants and prepubertal children
2. 小児における弱視：マネージメントおよび転帰 amblyopia in children management and outcome
3. 熱傷の分類 classification of burns
4. 幼児および小児における視覚の発達および視力評価 visual development and vision assessment in infants and children
5. 小児における中等度および重度熱傷の救急治療 emergency care of moderate and severe thermal burns in children

English Journal

Nosocomial Rotovirus Gastroenetrocolitis in Children Hospitalized Primarily Due to Respiratory Infections.

Nitsch-Osuch A, Kuchar E, Kosmala A, Zycinska K, Wardyn K.SourceDepartment of Family Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha St. 1a, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland, anitsch@amwaw.edu.pl.
Advances in experimental medicine and biology.Adv Exp Med Biol.2013;755:267-274.
Rotaviruses are the leading cause of community-acquired and nosocomial gastroenterocolitis in children. There is little data concerning the epidemiology of nosocomial rotavirus gastroenterocolitis (NRVG) in Central European countries. The aim of our study was to analyze the epidemiology of NRVG in a
PMID 22826076

Resection of peripheral branches of the posterior nasal nerve compared to conventional posterior neurectomy in severe allergic rhinitis.

Kobayashi T, Hyodo M, Nakamura K, Komobuchi H, Honda N.SourceDepartment of Otolaryngology, Kochi Medical School, Japan.
Auris, nasus, larynx.Auris Nasus Larynx.2012 Dec;39(6):593-6. Epub 2012 Feb 15.
OBJECTIVE: Transnasal resection of the posterior nasal nerve (TRPN) is the surgical procedure for drug therapy-resistant, intractable allergic rhinitis (AR). Submucous inferior turbinectomy also improves nasal symptoms in severe AR. Surgical injury to this peripheral nerve fibre may be the major cau
PMID 22341334

Risk factors for decreased distance between internal carotid artery and pharyngeal wall.

Jun BC, Jeon EJ, Kim DH, Kim BY, Lee JH, Jin SY, Yu BJ, Park YS.SourceDepartment of Otolaryngology, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Auris, nasus, larynx.Auris Nasus Larynx.2012 Dec;39(6):615-9. Epub 2012 Feb 15.
OBJECTIVES: The risk of disastrous bleeding during pharyngeal surgery is increased in cases of an internal carotid artery (ICA) that is medially displaced due to its anomalous course. We attempted to assess the distance between the ICA and the pharyngeal wall (DIP) and to evaluate the predisposing f
PMID 22341333