WordNet
- loss of the myelin covering of some nerve fibers resulting in their impaired function
- destroy the myelin sheath of; "the disease demyelinated the nerve fibers"
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/05/06 15:40:32」(JST)
wiki en
| Demyelinating disease | |
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| Classification and external resources | |
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Photomicrograph of a demyelinating MS-Lesion. Immunohistochemical staining for CD68 highlights numerous macrophages (brown). Original magnification 10×.
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| ICD-10 | G35-G37, G61.0 |
| ICD-9 | 340-341, 357.0 |
| MeSH | D003711 |
A demyelinating disease is any disease of the nervous system in which the myelin sheath of neurons is damaged.[1] This damage impairs the conduction of signals in the affected nerves. In turn, the reduction in conduction ability causes deficiency in sensation, movement, cognition, or other functions depending on which nerves are involved.
Some demyelinating diseases are caused by genetics, some by infectious agents, some by autoimmune reactions, and some by unknown factors. Organophosphates, a class of chemicals which are the active ingredients in commercial insecticides such as sheep dip, weed-killers, and flea treatment preparations for pets, etc., will also demyelinate nerves. Neuroleptics can also cause demyelination.[2] Lysophosphatidylcholine causes demyelination and is in unnaturally high amounts in foods with lecithin treated with the enzyme phospholipase (enzyme-modified foods) and as lysolecithin in products such as make up and personal care products. (See lysophosphatidylcholine.)
The precise mechanism of demyelination is not clearly understood but there is good evidence that the body's own immune system is at least partially responsible. Acquired immune system cells called T-cells are known to be present at the site of lesions. Other immune system cells called Macrophages (and possibly Mast cells as well) also contribute to the damage.[3]
Contents
- 1 Causes
- 2 Evolutionary considerations
- 3 Signs and symptoms
- 4 Diagnosis
- 5 Treatment
- 6 Prognosis
- 7 Epidemiology
- 8 Types
- 9 Research
- 9.1 Insights
- 9.2 Effects of environmental inputs
- 10 In Other Animals
- 11 See also
- 12 References
Causes
Some demyelinating diseases are caused by genetics, some by infectious agents, some by autoimmune reactions, some by exposure to chemical agents, and some by unknown factors.
Evolutionary considerations
The role of prolonged cortical myelination in human evolution has been implicated as a contributing factor in some cases of demyelinating disease. Unlike other primates, humans exhibit a unique pattern of postpubertal myelination, which may contribute to the development of psychiatric disorders and neurodegenerative diseases that present in early adulthood and beyond. The extended period of cortical myelination in humans may allow greater opportunity for disruption in myelination, resulting in the onset of demyelinating disease.[4] Furthermore, it has been noted that humans have significantly greater prefrontal white matter volume than other primate species, which implies greater myelin density.[5] Increased myelin density in humans as a result of a prolonged myelination may therefore structure risk for myelin degeneration and dysfunction. Evolutionary considerations for the role of prolonged cortical myelination as a risk factor for demyelinating disease are particularly pertinent given that genetics and autoimmune deficiency hypotheses fail to explain many cases of demyelinating disease. As has been argued, diseases such as multiple sclerosis cannot be accounted for by autoimmune deficiency alone, but strongly imply the influence of flawed developmental processes in disease pathogenesis.[6] Therefore, the role of the human-specific prolonged period of cortical myelination is an important evolutionary consideration in the pathogenesis of demyelinating disease.
Signs and symptoms
Symptoms that present in demyelinating diseases are different for each condition. Below is a list of symptoms that can present in a person with a demyelinating disease.:[7]
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Diagnosis
Below are various methods/techniques used to diagnose Demyelinating Diseases.
- Exclusion of other conditions that have overlapping symptoms[8]
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a medical imaging technique used in radiology to visualize internal structures of the body in detail. MRI makes use of the property of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to image nuclei of atoms inside the body. This method is unreliable because MRIs assess changes in proton density. “Spots” can occur as a result of changes in brain water content.[8]
- Evoked potential is an electrical potential recorded from the nervous system following the presentation of a stimulus as detected by electroencephalography (EEG), electromyography (EMG), or other electrophysiological recording method.[8]
- Cerebrospinal fluid analysis (CSF) can be extremely beneficial in the diagnosis of central nervous system infections. A CSF Culture examination may yield the Microorganism that caused the infection.[8]
- Quantitative proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a non-invasive analytical technique that has been used to study metabolic changes in brain tumors, strokes, seizure disorders, Alzheimer's disease, depression and other diseases affecting the brain. It has also been used to study the metabolism of other organs such as muscles.[8]
- Diagnostic Criteria refers to a specific combination of signs, symptoms, and test results that the clinician uses in an attempt to determine the correct diagnosis.[8]
Treatment
Treatment typically involves improving the patient's quality of life. This is accomplished through the management of symptoms or slowing the rate of demyelination. Treatment can include medication, lifestyle changes (i.e. quit smoking, adjusting daily schedules to include rest periods and dietary changes), counselling, relaxation, physical exercise, patient education and, in some cases, deep brain thalamic stimulation (in the case of tremors).[8] The progressive phase of MS appears to driven by the innate immune system, which may directly contribute to the neurodegenerative changes that occur in progressive MS. Until now, there are no therapies that specifically target innate immune cells in MS. As the role of innate immunity in MS becomes better defined, it may be possible to better treat MS by targeting the innate immune system.[9]
Treatments are patient-specific and depend on the symptoms that present with the disorder, as well as the progression of the condition.
Prognosis
Prognosis depends on the condition itself. Some conditions such as multiple sclerosis depend on the subtype of the disease and various attributes of the patient such as age, sex, initial symptoms and the degree of disability the patient experiences.[10] Life expectancy in Multiple sclerosis patients is 5 to 10 years lower than unaffected people.[11] MS is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that develops in genetically susceptible individuals after exposure to unknown environmental trigger(s).The bases for MS are unknown but are strongly suspected to involve immune reactions against autoantigens, particularly myelin proteins. The most accepted hypothesis is that dialogue between T-cell receptors and myelin antigens leads to an immune attack on the myelin-oligodendrocyte complex. These interactions between active T cells and myelin antigens provoke a massive destructive inflammatory response and promotes continuing proliferation of T and B cells and macrophage activation, which sustains secretion of inflammatory mediators.[12] Other conditions such as central pontine myelinolysis have about a third of patients recover and the other two thirds experience varying degrees of disability.[13] There are cases, such as transverse myelitis where the patient can begin recovery as early as 2 to 12 weeks after the onset of the condition.
Epidemiology
Incidence of demyelinating diseases vary from disorder to disorder. Some conditions, such as Tabes dorsalis appear predominantly in males and begins in mid-life. Optic neuritis on the other hand, occurs preferentially in females typically between the ages of 30 and 35.[14] Other conditions such as multiple sclerosis vary in prevalence depending on the country and population.[15] This condition can appear in children as well as adults.[11]
Types
Demyelinating diseases can be divided in those affecting the central nervous system and those presents in the peripheral nervous system, presenting different demyelination conditions.
The disorders affecting the CNS include:
- Multiple sclerosis, together with Devic's disease and other disorders with immune system involvement called inflammatory demyelinating diseases.
- CNS Neuropathies like those produced by Vitamin B12 deficiency
- Central pontine myelinolysis
- Myelopathies like Tabes dorsalis (syphilitic Myelopathy)
- leukoencephalopathies like Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
- Leukodystrophies
These disorders are normally associated also with the conditions Optic neuritis and Transverse myelitis, which are inflammatory conditions, because inflammation and demyelination are frequently associated.
Demyelinating diseases of the peripheral nervous system include:
- Guillain-Barré syndrome and its chronic counterpart, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy
- Anti-MAG peripheral neuropathy
- Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease
- Copper deficiency
- Progressive inflammatory neuropathy
Research
Research is being conducted in a variety of very specific areas. The focus of this research is aimed at gaining more insight into how demyelinating disorders affect the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system,[16][17][18][19][20] how they develop and how these disorders are affected by various external inputs[21][22][23][24][25] . Much of the research is targeted towards learning about the mechanisms by which these disorders function in an attempt to develop therapies and treatments for individuals affected by these conditions.
Insights
Currently it is believed that N-cadherin plays a role in the myelination process. Experimentation has shown that N-cadherin plays an important role in producing a remyelination-facilitating environment.[16] It has been shown in animal models that there is a direct correlation between the amount of myelin debris present and the degree of Inflammation observed.[17]
Effects of environmental inputs
Experimentation has shown that manipulating the levels of thyroid hormone can be considered as a strategy to promote remyelination and prevent irreversible damage in Multiple sclerosis patients.[19] N-cadherin agonists have been identified and observed to stimulate neurite growth and cell migration, key aspects of promoting axon growth and remyelination after injury or disease.[21] It has been shown that intranasal administration of aTf (apotransferrin) can protect myelin and induce remyelination.[23]
Much of the research referenced in this section has been conducted in 2012 and represents very new information about demyelinating diseases and potential therapies for them.
In Other Animals
Demyelinating diseases/disorders have been found worldwide in various animals. Some of these animals include mice, pigs, cattle, hamsters, rats, sheep, Siamese kittens, and a number of dog breeds (including Chow Chow, Springer Spaniel, Dalmatian, Samoyed, Golden Retriever, Lurcher, Bernese Mountain Dog, Vizsla, Weimaraner, Australian Silky Terrier, and mixed breeds).[26][27]
Another notable animal found able to contract a demyelinating disease is the Northern Fur Seal. Ziggy Star, a Northern Fur Seal, has been a patient at The Marine Mammal Center for the past several months and has been noted as the first case of such disease in a marine mammal. She will be transported to Mystic Aquarium & Institute for Exploration for lifelong care as an ambassador to the public.[28]
See also
- Multiple sclerosis borderline
- The Lesion Project (multiple sclerosis)
- The Myelin Project
- Myelin Repair Foundation
References
- ^ "demyelinating disease" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
- ^ Konopaske GT; Dorph-Petersen KA; Sweet RA et al. (April 2008). "Effect of chronic antipsychotic exposure on astrocyte and oligodendrocyte numbers in macaque monkeys". Biol. Psychiatry 63 (8): 759–65. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.08.018. PMC 2386415. PMID 17945195.
- ^ Laetoli (January 2008). "Demyelination".
- ^ Miller Daniel J (2012). "Prolonged Myelination in Human Neocortical Evolution". PNAS 109 (41): 16480–6485.
- ^ Schoenemann , Thomas P., Sheehan Michael J., Glotzer L. Daniel; Sheehan; Glotzer (2005). "Prefrontal White Matter Volume Is Disproportionately Larger in Humans than in Other Primates". Nature Neuroscience 8 (2): 242–52. doi:10.1038/nn1394. PMID 15665874.
- ^ Chaudhuri, Abhijit. (2013)"Multiple Sclerosis Is Primarily a Neurodegenerative Disease." J Neural Transm 120 1463–466.
- ^ "Symptoms of Demyelinating Disorders - Right Diagnosis." Right Diagnosis. Right Diagnosis, 01 Feb 2012. Web. 24 Sep 2012
- ^ a b c d e f g Freedman, Mark S (2005). Advances in Neurology Volume 98: Multiple Sclerosis and Demyelinating Diseases. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 112. ISBN 0781751705.
- ^ Mayo, Lior; Quintana, Francisco J.; Weiner, Howard L. (21 June 2012). "The Innate Immune System in Demyelinating Disease". Immunological Reviews 248 (1): 170–87. doi:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2012.01135.x. PMC 3383669. PMID 22725961.
- ^ Weinshenker BG (1994). "Natural history of multiple sclerosis". Ann. Neurol. 36 (Suppl): S6–11. doi:10.1002/ana.410360704. PMID 8017890.
- ^ a b Compston A, Coles A (October 2008). "Multiple sclerosis". Lancet 372 (9648): 1502–17. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61620-7. PMID 18970977.
- ^ Minegar, Alireza. "Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption in Multiple Sclerosis". Sage Journals. Retrieved October 28, 2012.
- ^ Abbott R, Silber E, Felber J, Ekpo E (October 2005). "Osmotic demyelination syndrome". BMJ 331 (7520): 829–30. doi:10.1136/bmj.331.7520.829. PMC 1246086. PMID 16210283.
- ^ Rodriguez M, Siva A, Cross SA, O'Brien PC, Kurland LT (1995). "Optic neuritis: a population-based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota". Neurology 45 (2): 244–50. doi:10.1212/WNL.45.2.244. PMID 7854520.
- ^ Rosati G (April 2001). "The prevalence of multiple sclerosis in the world: an update". Neurol. Sci. 22 (2): 117–39. doi:10.1007/s100720170011. PMID 11603614.
- ^ a b Hochmeister, S.; Romauch, M; Bauer, J; Seifert-Held, T; Weissert, R; Linington, C; Hurtung, H.P.; Fazekas, F; Storch, M.K. (2012). "Re-expression of n-cadherin in remyelinating lesions of experimental inflammatory demyelination". Experimental Neurology 237 (1): 70–77. doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.06.010. PMID 22735489.
- ^ a b Clarner, T.; Diederichs, F.; Berger, K.; Denecke, B.; Gan, L.; Van Der Valk, P.; Beyer, C.; Amor, S.; Kipp, M. (2012). "myelin debris regulates inflammatory responses in an experimental demyelination animal model and multiple sclerosis lesions". GLIA 60 (10): 1468–1480. doi:10.1002/glia.22367. PMID 22689449.
- ^ Newcombe, J.; Eriksson, B.; Ottervald, J.; Yang, Y.; Franzen, B. (2005). "Extraction and proteomic analysis of proteins from normal and multiple sclerosis postmortem brain". Journal of Chromatography B 815: 119–202. doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.10.073.
- ^ a b Silverstroff, L.; Batucci, S.; Pasquini, J.; Franco, P. (2012). "Cuprizone-induced demyelination in the rat cerebral cortex and thyroid hormone effects on cortical remyelination". Experimental Neurology 235 (1): 357–367. doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.02.018. PMID 22421533.
- ^ Palumbo, S.; Toscano, C.D.; Parente, L.; Weigert, R.; Bosetti, F. (2012). "The cyclooxygenase-2 pathway via the pge₂ ep2 receptor contributes to oligodendrocytes apoptosis in cuprizone-induced demyelination". Journal of Neurochemistry 121 (3): 418–427. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07363.x. PMC 3220805. PMID 21699540.
- ^ a b Burden-Gulley, S.M.; Gates, T.J.; Craig, S.E.L.; Gupta, M.; Brady-Kalnay, S.M. (2010). "Stimulation of n-cadherin-dependint neurite outgrowth by small molecule peptide mimetic agonists of the n-cadherin hav motif". Peptides 31 (5): 842–849. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2010.02.002. PMID 20153391.
- ^ Sherafat, M.A.; Heibatollahi, M.; Mongabadi, S.; Moradi, F.; Javan, M.; Ahmadiani, A. (2012). "Electromagnetic field stimulation potentiates endogenous myelin repair by recruiting subventricular neural stem cells in an experimental model of white matter demyelination". Journal of Molecular Neuroscience 48 (1): 144–153. doi:10.1007/s12031-012-9791-8. PMID 22588976.
- ^ a b Clausi, M.G.; Paez, P.M.; Campagnoni, A.T.; Pasquini, L.A.; Pasquini, J.M.; Ahmadiani, A. (2012). "Intranasal administration of atf protects and repairs the neonatal white matter after a cerebral hypoxic-ischemic event". GLIA 60 (10): 1540–1554. doi:10.1002/glia.22374. PMID 22736466.
- ^ Gasperini, C.; Ruggieri, S. (2012). "Development of oral agent in the treatment of multiple sclerosis- how the first available oral therapy, fingolimod will change therapeutic paradigm approach". Drug Design, Development and Therapy 6: 175–186. doi:10.2147/DDDT.S8927.
- ^ Ransohoff, R.M.; Hower, C.L.; Rodriquez, M. (2005). "Growth factor treatment of demyelinating disease- at last, a leap into the light". Trends in Immunology 23 (11): 512–516. doi:10.1016/S1471-4906(02)02321-9. PMID 12401395.
- ^ Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp (2011). "The Merck Veterinary Manual – Demyelinating Disorders: Introduction". Merck Veterinary Manual. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
- ^ "Johnson RT. DEMYELINATING DISEASES. In: Institute of Medicine (US) Forum on Microbial Threats; Knobler SL, O'Connor S, Lemon SM, et al., editors. The Infectious Etiology of Chronic Diseases: Defining the Relationship, Enhancing the Research, and Mitigating the Effects: Workshop Summary. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US)". NCBI. 2004. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
- ^ "Ziggy Star has a Neurologic Condition". The Marine Mammal Center. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
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UpToDate Contents
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- 1. 成人における多発性硬化症の診断 diagnosis of multiple sclerosis in adults
- 2. 小児における中枢神経系の急性脱髄の鑑別診断 differential diagnosis of acute central nervous system demyelination in children
- 3. 浸透圧性脱髄症候群と低ナトリウム血症の過度に急速な補正 osmotic demyelination syndrome and overly rapid correction of hyponatremia
- 4. 神経伝導検査の概要 overview of nerve conduction studies
- 5. 慢性炎症性脱髄性多発神経炎：病因、臨床的特徴、および診断 chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy etiology clinical features and diagnosis
English Journal
- Cell fate regulation by reticulon-4 in human prostate cancers.
- Zhao H, Su W, Zhu C, Zeng T, Yang S, Wu W, Wang D.
- Journal of cellular physiology. 2019 Jul;234(7)10372-10385.
- Reticulon-4 (RTN4), a reticulon family protein localized in the endoplasmic reticulum, is reported to be involved in multiple physiological processes like neuroendocrine secretion and membrane trafficking in neuroendocrine cells. Previous studies have presented a great potential of RTN4 for the trea
- PMID 30480803
- Microglia damage precedes major myelin breakdown in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy and metachromatic leukodystrophy.
- Bergner CG, van der Meer F, Winkler A, Wrzos C, Türkmen M, Valizada E, Fitzner D, Hametner S, Hartmann C, Pfeifenbring S, Stoltenburg-Didinger G, Brück W, Nessler S, Stadelmann C.
- Glia. 2019 Jun;67(6)1196-1209.
- X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) and metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) are two relatively common examples of hereditary demyelinating diseases caused by a dysfunction of peroxisomal or lysosomal lipid degradation. In both conditions, accumulation of nondegraded lipids leads to the destruction
- PMID 30980503
- Effect of the CSF1R inhibitor PLX3397 on remyelination of corpus callosum in a cuprizone-induced demyelination mouse model.
- Tahmasebi F, Pasbakhsh P, Mortezaee K, Madadi S, Barati S, Kashani IR.
- Journal of cellular biochemistry. 2019 Jun;120(6)10576-10586.
- Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the central nervous system (CNS). Despite introducing multiple immunomodulatory approaches for MS, there are still major concerns about possible ways for improving remyelination in this disease. Microglia exert essential roles in re
- PMID 30628737
Japanese Journal
- In Vivo Brain MR Imaging at Subnanoliter Resolution: Contrast and Histology
- WATANABE Takashi,FRAHM Jens,MICHAELIS Thomas
- Magnetic Resonance in Medical Sciences advpub(0), 2015
- … Third, reductions of the magnetization transfer ratio may be more sensitive to a particular pathological condition, such as astrocytosis, microglial activation, inflammation, and demyelination, than changes in relaxation. …
- NAID 130005097292
- GM1 gangliosidosis in a Japanese domestic cat: a new variant identified in Hokkaido, Japan
- UENO Hiroshi,YAMATO Osamu,SUGIURA Takeshi,KOHYAMA Moeko,YABUKI Akira,MIYOSHI Kenjiro,MATSUDA Kazuya,UCHIDE Tsuyoshi
- Journal of Veterinary Medical Science advpub(0), 2015
- … Dysmyelination or demyelination and gemistocytic astrocytosis were observed in the white matter. …
- NAID 130005089972
- 中枢・末梢連合脱髄症（combined central and peripheral demyelination）の1例
- 野中 俊章,藤本 武士,江口 勝美,福田 安雄,吉村 俊朗
- 臨床神経学 55(6), 389-394, 2015
- 症例は22歳，男性．10歳頃より走るのが遅くなった．2011年6月より歩行時のふらつきが出現し，当科紹介入院となった．入院時，四肢筋力低下や凹足，痙性歩行がみられた．MRIで大脳深部白質や脳幹，胸髄などに多発する病変がみとめられた．末梢神経伝導検査にて上下肢の運動神経伝導速度の著明な低下と腓腹神経生検にて脱髄所見をみとめた．治療はステロイドパルス療法を2クール施行し，その後インターフェロンβ自己注 …
- NAID 130005083888
Related Pictures
★リンクテーブル★
| リンク元 | 「脱髄」「demyelinate」 |
「脱髄」
- 英
- demyelination
- 同
- 髄鞘崩壊
- 関
- 髄鞘 myelin sheath
「demyelinate」
- 脱髄する