crystallina

Ergocalciferol
Names
	IUPAC name (3β,5Z,7E,22E)-9,10-secoergosta-5,7,10(19),22-tetraen-3-ol
	Other names Drisdol (Sanofi-Synthelabo), Calcidol (Patrin Pharma)
Identifiers
CAS Registry Number	50-14-6
ATC code	A11CC01
ChEBI	CHEBI:28934
ChEMBL	ChEMBL1536
ChemSpider	4444351
DrugBank	DB00153
	InChI InChI=1S/C28H44O/c1-19(2)20(3)9-10-22(5)26-15-16-27-23(8-7-17-28(26,27)6)12-13-24-18-25(29)14-11-21(24)4/h9-10,12-13,19-20,22,25-27,29H,4,7-8,11,14-18H2,1-3,5-6H3/b10-9+,23-12+,24-13-/t20-,22+,25-,26+,27-,28+/m0/s1 ; Key: MECHNRXZTMCUDQ-RKHKHRCZSA-N ; InChI=1/C28H44O/c1-19(2)20(3)9-10-22(5)26-15-16-27-23(8-7-17-28(26,27)6)12-13-24-18-25(29)14-11-21(24)4/h9-10,12-13,19-20,22,25-27,29H,4,7-8,11,14-18H2,1-3,5-6H3/b10-9+,23-12+,24-13-/t20-,22+,25-,26+,27-,28+/m0/s1; Key: MECHNRXZTMCUDQ-RKHKHRCZBW ;
Jmol-3D images	Image
KEGG	C05441
PubChem	5280793
	SMILES O[C@@H]1CC(\C(=C)CC1)=C\C=C2/CCC[C@]3([C@H]2CC[C@@H]3[C@@H](/C=C/[C@H](C)C(C)C)C)C ;
UNII	VS041H42XC
Properties
Chemical formula	C28H44O
Molar mass	396.65 g/mol
Melting point	114 to 118 °C (237 to 244 °F; 387 to 391 K)
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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	Infobox references

水晶体

関: crystalline lens、lens

WordNet

electronic equipment that uses a magnetic or electric field in order to focus a beam of electrons (同)electron lens
a transparent optical device used to converge or diverge transmitted light and to form images (同)lense, lens system
biconvex transparent body situated behind the iris in the eye; its role (along with the cornea) is to focuses light on the retina (同)crystalline_lens, lens of the eye
(metaphor) a channel through which something can be seen or understood; "the writer is the lens through which history can be seen"

PrepTutorEJDIC

『レンズ』 / (目の)水晶体

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/26 19:14:35」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Ergocalciferol is the chemical name of vitamin D₂, a form of vitamin D. Ergocalciferol is a secosteroid formed by a photochemical bond breaking of a steroid, specifically, by the action of ultraviolet light on ergosterol. Viosterol, the name given to early preparations of irradiated ergosterol, is essentially synonymous with ergocalciferol.^[1]^[2]

Ergocalciferol may be used as a vitamin D supplement, and a 2011 clinical guideline^[3] considered it to be as effective as cholecalciferol (vitamin D₃) which is produced naturally by the skin when exposed to ultraviolet light. It is manufactured and marketed under various names, including Deltalin (Eli Lilly and Company), Drisdol (Sanofi-Synthelabo) and Calcidol (Patrin Pharma).

Sources

Lichen

Cladina arbuscula specimens grown under different natural conditions: The contents of vitamin D₃ range from 0.67 to 2.04 μg/g dry matter in the thalli of C. arbuscula specimens grown under different natural conditions, while provitamin D₃ could not be detected. The ranges for provitamin D₂ and vitamin D₂ were 89-146 and 0.22-0.55 μg/g dry matter, respectively, while the contents of provitamin D₃ were below the detection limit (0.01 μg/g dry matter).^[4]

Fungus, from USDA nutrient database (per 100g) ^[5]

Mushrooms, portobello, exposed to ultraviolet light, raw: Vitamin D (D₂ + D₃): 11.2 µg (446 IU)
Mushrooms, portobello, exposed to ultraviolet light, grilled: Vitamin D (D₂ + D₃): 13.1 µg (524 IU)
Mushrooms, shiitake, dried: Vitamin D (D₂ + D₃): 3.9 μg (154 IU)
Mushrooms, shiitake, raw: Vitamin D (D₂ + D₃): 0.4 μg (18 IU)
Mushrooms, portobello, raw: Vitamin D (D₂ + D₃): 0.3 μg (10 IU)

Plantae

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa subsp. sativa), shoot: 4.8 μg (192 IU) vitamin D₂, 0.1 μg (4 IU) vitamin D₃^[6]

Ergocalciferol is produced in fungi synthetically through irradiation of ergosterol.^[7] Human bioavailability of vitamin D₂ from vitamin D₂-enhanced button mushrooms via UV-B irradiation is effective in improving vitamin D status and not different from a vitamin D₂ supplement.^[8] Vitamin D₂ from UV-irradiated yeast baked into bread is bioavailable.^[9] By visual assessment or using a chromometer, no significant discoloration of irradiated mushrooms, as measured by the degree of "whiteness", was observed.^[10] Claims that a normal serving of mushrooms treated with ultraviolet light provides the equivalent of 3,500 International Units of vitamin D when exposed to ultraviolet light after harvest have gained popular attention.^[11]

Research concerning efficacy of vitamin D2 and D3

Conflicting evidence exists for how similarly D₂ and D₃ behave in the body and whether they are equally active or efficient in production of 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)D), the active hormone. Some preliminary studies indicate D₃ is more potent,^[12]^[13] while others report equal efficacy.^[3]^[14]^[15] Both forms appear to have similar efficacy in ameliorating rickets^[16] and reducing the incidence of falls in elderly patients.^[17]

The metabolism of each appears to be different, with the vitamin D binding protein possibly having greater affinity for 25(OH)D3 than for 25(OH)D2, as shown in one study.^[12] Cholecalciferol (vitamin D₃) is sensitive to UV radiation and rapidly, but reversibly, forms other sterols which can further irreversibly convert to ergosterol.^{[citation needed]}

Preliminary research

One study found low vitamin D₂ levels in patients with Alzheimer's disease,^[18] but this observational study did not prove cause or effect related to ergocalciferol and vitamin D₂ deficiency in the diet.

References

^ Science Service (1930) Viosterol official name for irradiated ergosterol, J. Chem. Educ. 7(1) 166, DOI: 10.1021/ed007p166, see [pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ed007p166, accessed 10 July 2014.
^ See "Viosterol" and "Calciferol" at Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary, e.g., [1] and [2], accessed 10 July 2014.
^ ^a ^b Holick, M. F.; Binkley, N. C.; Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A.; Gordon, C. M.; Hanley, D. A.; Heaney, R. P.; Murad, M. H.; Weaver, C. M. (2011). "Evaluation, Treatment, and Prevention of Vitamin D Deficiency: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline". Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 96 (7): 1911–1930. doi:10.1210/jc.2011-0385. PMID 21646368. edit
^ Wang, T; Bengtsson, G; Kärnefelt, I; Björn, LO (2001). "Provitamins and vitamins D₂and D₃in Cladina spp. Over a latitudinal gradient: Possible correlation with UV levels". Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology 62 (1–2): 118–22. doi:10.1016/S1011-1344(01)00160-9. PMID 11693362.
^ "USDA nutrient database – use the keyword 'portabella' and then click submit".
^ "Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases".
^ Simon, R. R.; Borzelleca, J. F.; Deluca, H. F.; Weaver, C. M. (2013). "Safety assessment of the post-harvest treatment of button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) using ultraviolet light". Food and Chemical Toxicology 56: 278–89. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2013.02.009. PMID 23485617. edit
^ P Urbain, F Singler, G Ihorst, H-K Biesalski and H Bertz (August 2011). "Bioavailability of vitamin D2 from UV-B-irradiated button mushrooms in healthy adults deficient in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D: a randomized controlled trial". European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 65 (8): 965–971. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2011.53. PMID 21540874.
^ Hohman, E. E.; Martin, B. R.; Lachcik, P. J.; Gordon, D. T.; Fleet, J. C.; Weaver, C. M. (2011). "Bioavailability and Efficacy of Vitamin D2from UV-Irradiated Yeast in Growing, Vitamin D-Deficient Rats". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 59 (6): 2341–2346. doi:10.1021/jf104679c. PMC 3235799. PMID 21332187. edit
^ Koyyalamudi, SR; Jeong, SC; Song, CH; Cho, KY; Pang, G (2009). "Vitamin D₂ formation and bioavailability from Agaricus bisporus button mushrooms treated with ultraviolet irradiation". J Agric Food Chem 57 (8): 3351–5. doi:10.1021/jf803908q. PMID 19281276.
^ "Bringing Mushrooms Out of the Dark". MSNBC. April 18, 2006. Retrieved 2007-08-06.
^ ^a ^b Houghton, L.; Vieth, R. (2006). "The case against ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) as a vitamin supplement". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 84 (4): 694–697. PMID 17023693. edit
^ Trang, H. M.; Cole, D. E.; Rubin, L. A.; Pierratos, A.; Siu, S.; Vieth, R. (1998). "Evidence that vitamin D3 increases serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D more efficiently than does vitamin D2". The American journal of clinical nutrition 68 (4): 854–858. PMID 9771862. edit
^ Holick, M. F.; Biancuzzo, R. M.; Chen, T. C.; Klein, E. K.; Young, A.; Bibuld, D.; Reitz, R.; Salameh, W.; Ameri, A.; Tannenbaum, A. D. (2007). "Vitamin D2 is as Effective as Vitamin D3 in Maintaining Circulating Concentrations of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D". Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 93 (3): 677–681. doi:10.1210/jc.2007-2308. PMC 2266966. PMID 18089691. edit
^ Biancuzzo, R. M.; Young, A.; Bibuld, D.; Cai, M. H.; Winter, M. R.; Klein, E. K.; Ameri, A.; Reitz, R.; Salameh, W.; Chen, T. C.; Holick, M. F. (2010). "Fortification of orange juice with vitamin D2 or vitamin D3 is as effective as an oral supplement in maintaining vitamin D status in adults". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 91 (6): 1621–1626. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.27972. PMC 2869510. PMID 20427729. edit
^ Thacher, TD; Fischer, PR; Obadofin, MO; Levine, MA; Singh, RJ; Pettifor, JM (2010). "Comparison of Metabolism of Vitamins D2 and D3 in Children with Nutritional Rickets". Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 25 (9): 1988–1995. doi:10.1002/jbmr.99. PMC 3153403. PMID 20499377.
^ Fosnight, S. M.; Zafirau, W. J.; Hazelett, S. E. (2008). "Vitamin D Supplementation to Prevent Falls in the Elderly: Evidence and Practical Considerations". Pharmacotherapy 28 (2): 225–234. doi:10.1592/phco.28.2.225. PMID 18225968. edit
^ Iltaf Shah; Petroczi, Andrea; Tabet, Naji; Klugman, Anthony; Isaac, Mokhtar; p. Naughton, Declan (2012). "Low 25OH Vitamin D2 Levels Found in Untreated Alzheimer's Patients, Compared to Acetylcholinesterase-Inhibitor Treated and Controls". Current Alzheimer Research 9 (9): 1069–1076. doi:10.2174/156720512803568975. ISSN 1567-2050. PMID 22876849.

External links

NIST Chemistry WebBook page for ergocalciferol

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 小児における熱中症（熱射病を除く） heat illness other than heat stroke in children
2. 妊娠中の肌、髪、爪、粘膜 the skin hair nails and mucous membranes during pregnancy
3. 膿疱性皮膚病変を有する患者へのアプローチ approach to the patient with pustular skin lesions
4. 皮膚の水疱を有する患者に対するアプローチ approach to the patient with cutaneous blisters
5. 新生児および乳児における皮膚および頭皮の良性病変 benign skin and scalp lesions in the newborn and young infant

English Journal

Hypernatremia-related miliaria crystallina.

Chao CT.
Clinical and experimental nephrology.Clin Exp Nephrol.2014 Oct;18(5):831-2. doi: 10.1007/s10157-013-0912-7. Epub 2013 Nov 22.
PMID 24263814

A cross-sectional prospective study of cutaneous lesions in newborn.

Haveri FT1, Inamadar AC2.
ISRN dermatology.ISRN Dermatol.2014 Jan 20;2014:360590. doi: 10.1155/2014/360590. eCollection 2014.
Background. Cutaneous alterations are common in neonates. The majority of lesions are physiological, transient, or self-limited and require no therapy. Although much has been reported on the various disorders peculiar to the skin of infant, very little is known about variations and activity of the s
PMID 24575304

Phylogenetic lineages in Pseudocercospora.

Crous PW1, Braun U, Hunter GC, Wingfield MJ, Verkley GJ, Shin HD, Nakashima C, Groenewald JZ.
Studies in mycology.Stud Mycol.2013 Jun 30;75(1):37-114. doi: 10.3114/sim0005.
Pseudocercospora is a large cosmopolitan genus of plant pathogenic fungi that are commonly associated with leaf and fruit spots as well as blights on a wide range of plant hosts. They occur in arid as well as wet environments and in a wide range of climates including cool temperate, sub-tropical and
PMID 24014898

Japanese Journal

小笠原諸島父島産ヒトデナカセ

西村和久
ちりぼたん 37(3), 132-134, 2006-10-10
NAID 110007089203

小笠原諸島父島産ヒトデナカセ

西村和久
ちりぼたん 37(3), 132-134, 2006-10-10
NAID 10031149933

An Atrial Membrane in the Colonial Ascidian, Ritterella tokioka Kott, 1992(Urochordata: Ascidiacea) from Sagami Bay(Taxonomy)

Nishikawa Teruaki
Zoological science 22(3), 363-366, 2005-03-25
… An atrial membrane, similar to that previously reported (as a placental membrane) in Pla-centela crystallina Redikorzev, 1913, has been found in the holotype and other specimens of another aplousobranch ascidian, Ritterella tokioka Kott, 1992 (=R. …
NAID 110006280499

Related Pictures

[1] Science Service (1930) Viosterol official name for irradiated ergosterol, J. Chem. Educ. 7(1) 166, DOI: 10.1021/ed007p166, see [pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ed007p166, accessed 10 July 2014.

[2] See "Viosterol" and "Calciferol" at Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary, e.g., [1] and [2], accessed 10 July 2014.

[holick_guideline-3] Holick, M. F.; Binkley, N. C.; Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A.; Gordon, C. M.; Hanley, D. A.; Heaney, R. P.; Murad, M. H.; Weaver, C. M. (2011). "Evaluation, Treatment, and Prevention of Vitamin D Deficiency: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline". Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 96 (7): 1911–1930. doi:10.1210/jc.2011-0385. PMID 21646368. edit

[4] Wang, T; Bengtsson, G; Kärnefelt, I; Björn, LO (2001). "Provitamins and vitamins D₂and D₃in Cladina spp. Over a latitudinal gradient: Possible correlation with UV levels". Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology 62 (1–2): 118–22. doi:10.1016/S1011-1344(01)00160-9. PMID 11693362.

[5] "USDA nutrient database – use the keyword 'portabella' and then click submit".

[6] "Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases".

[7] Simon, R. R.; Borzelleca, J. F.; Deluca, H. F.; Weaver, C. M. (2013). "Safety assessment of the post-harvest treatment of button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) using ultraviolet light". Food and Chemical Toxicology 56: 278–89. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2013.02.009. PMID 23485617. edit

[8] P Urbain, F Singler, G Ihorst, H-K Biesalski and H Bertz (August 2011). "Bioavailability of vitamin D2 from UV-B-irradiated button mushrooms in healthy adults deficient in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D: a randomized controlled trial". European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 65 (8): 965–971. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2011.53. PMID 21540874.

[9] Hohman, E. E.; Martin, B. R.; Lachcik, P. J.; Gordon, D. T.; Fleet, J. C.; Weaver, C. M. (2011). "Bioavailability and Efficacy of Vitamin D2from UV-Irradiated Yeast in Growing, Vitamin D-Deficient Rats". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 59 (6): 2341–2346. doi:10.1021/jf104679c. PMC 3235799. PMID 21332187. edit

[10] Koyyalamudi, SR; Jeong, SC; Song, CH; Cho, KY; Pang, G (2009). "Vitamin D₂ formation and bioavailability from Agaricus bisporus button mushrooms treated with ultraviolet irradiation". J Agric Food Chem 57 (8): 3351–5. doi:10.1021/jf803908q. PMID 19281276.

[11] "Bringing Mushrooms Out of the Dark". MSNBC. April 18, 2006. Retrieved 2007-08-06.

[the_case_against_ergocalciferol-12] Houghton, L.; Vieth, R. (2006). "The case against ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) as a vitamin supplement". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 84 (4): 694–697. PMID 17023693. edit

[trang-13] Trang, H. M.; Cole, D. E.; Rubin, L. A.; Pierratos, A.; Siu, S.; Vieth, R. (1998). "Evidence that vitamin D3 increases serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D more efficiently than does vitamin D2". The American journal of clinical nutrition 68 (4): 854–858. PMID 9771862. edit

[holick-as_effective-14] Holick, M. F.; Biancuzzo, R. M.; Chen, T. C.; Klein, E. K.; Young, A.; Bibuld, D.; Reitz, R.; Salameh, W.; Ameri, A.; Tannenbaum, A. D. (2007). "Vitamin D2 is as Effective as Vitamin D3 in Maintaining Circulating Concentrations of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D". Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 93 (3): 677–681. doi:10.1210/jc.2007-2308. PMC 2266966. PMID 18089691. edit

[orange_juice-15] Biancuzzo, R. M.; Young, A.; Bibuld, D.; Cai, M. H.; Winter, M. R.; Klein, E. K.; Ameri, A.; Reitz, R.; Salameh, W.; Chen, T. C.; Holick, M. F. (2010). "Fortification of orange juice with vitamin D2 or vitamin D3 is as effective as an oral supplement in maintaining vitamin D status in adults". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 91 (6): 1621–1626. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.27972. PMC 2869510. PMID 20427729. edit

[16] Thacher, TD; Fischer, PR; Obadofin, MO; Levine, MA; Singh, RJ; Pettifor, JM (2010). "Comparison of Metabolism of Vitamins D2 and D3 in Children with Nutritional Rickets". Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 25 (9): 1988–1995. doi:10.1002/jbmr.99. PMC 3153403. PMID 20499377.

[17] Fosnight, S. M.; Zafirau, W. J.; Hazelett, S. E. (2008). "Vitamin D Supplementation to Prevent Falls in the Elderly: Evidence and Practical Considerations". Pharmacotherapy 28 (2): 225–234. doi:10.1592/phco.28.2.225. PMID 18225968. edit

[18] Iltaf Shah; Petroczi, Andrea; Tabet, Naji; Klugman, Anthony; Isaac, Mokhtar; p. Naughton, Declan (2012). "Low 25OH Vitamin D2 Levels Found in Untreated Alzheimer's Patients, Compared to Acetylcholinesterase-Inhibitor Treated and Controls". Current Alzheimer Research 9 (9): 1069–1076. doi:10.2174/156720512803568975. ISSN 1567-2050. PMID 22876849.

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