WordNet

a graded change in the magnitude of some physical quantity or dimension
the property possessed by a line or surface that departs from the horizontal; "a five-degree gradient" (同)slope
of or relating to osmosis; "osmotic pressure"

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Three-dimensional simulation of urine concentrating mechanism in a functional unit of rat outer medulla. I. Model structure and base case results.

Sohrabi S1, Saidi MS2, Saadatmand M3, Banazadeh MH1, Firoozabadi B1.
Mathematical biosciences.Math Biosci.2014 Dec;258:44-56. doi: 10.1016/j.mbs.2014.08.010. Epub 2014 Sep 16.
The urine formation and excretion system have long been of interest for mathematicians and physiologists to elucidate the obscurities within the process happens in renal tissue. In this study, a novel three-dimensional approach is utilized for modeling the urine concentrating mechanism in rat renal
PMID 25223232

Urine-concentrating mechanism in the inner medulla: function of the thin limbs of the loops of Henle.

Dantzler WH1, Layton AT2, Layton HE2, Pannabecker TL3.
Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN.Clin J Am Soc Nephrol.2014 Oct 7;9(10):1781-9. doi: 10.2215/CJN.08750812. Epub 2013 Aug 1.
The ability of mammals to produce urine hyperosmotic to plasma requires the generation of a gradient of increasing osmolality along the medulla from the corticomedullary junction to the papilla tip. Countercurrent multiplication apparently establishes this gradient in the outer medulla, where there
PMID 23908457

Countercurrent multiplication may not explain the axial osmolality gradient in the outer medulla of the rat kidney.

Layton AT1, Layton HE.
American journal of physiology. Renal physiology.Am J Physiol Renal Physiol.2011 Nov;301(5):F1047-56. doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.00620.2010. Epub 2011 Jul 13.
It has become widely accepted that the osmolality gradient along the corticomedullary axis of the mammalian outer medulla is generated and sustained by a process of countercurrent multiplication: active NaCl absorption from thick ascending limbs is coupled with the counterflow configuration of the d
PMID 21753076