初乳　　

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milky fluid secreted for the first day or two after parturition (同)foremilk

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初乳(出産後数日間出る乳)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/02/26 23:49:08」(JST)

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Human colostrum vs breastmilk.

On the left is colostrum expressed on day 4 of lactation, and on the right is breastmilk expressed on day 8. Colostrum often has a yellow hue compared to breastmilk.

Colostrum (also known colloquially as beestings,^[1] bisnings^[2] or first milk) is a form of milk produced by the mammary glands of mammals (including humans) in late pregnancy. Most species will generate colostrum just prior to giving birth. Colostrum contains antibodies to protect the newborn against disease; it is lower in fat^[3] and higher in protein than ordinary milk.

Human colostrum

Newborns have very immature digestive systems, and colostrum delivers its nutrients in a very concentrated low-volume form. It has a mild laxative effect, encouraging the passing of the baby's first stool, which is called meconium. This clears excess bilirubin, a waste-product of dead red blood cells, which is produced in large quantities at birth due to blood volume reduction, from the infant's body and helps prevent jaundice. Colostrum is known to contain immune cells (as lymphocytes)^[4] and many antibodies such as IgA, IgG, and IgM. These are the major components of the adaptive immune system. Inter alia IgA is absorbed through the intestinal epithelium, travels through the blood, and is secreted onto other Type 1 mucosal surfaces^{[citation needed]}. Other immune components of colostrum include the major components of the innate immune system, such as lactoferrin,^[5] lysozyme,^[6] lactoperoxidase,^[7] complement,^[8] and proline-rich polypeptides (PRP).^[9] A number of cytokines (small messenger peptides that control the functioning of the immune system) are found in colostrum as well,^[10] including interleukins,^[10] tumor necrosis factor,^[11] chemokines,^[12] and others. Colostrum also contains a number of growth factors, such as insulin-like growth factors I (IGF-1),^[13] and II,^[14] transforming growth factors alpha,^[15] beta 1 and beta 2,^[16]^[17] fibroblast growth factors,^[18] epidermal growth factor,^[19] granulocyte-macrophage-stimulating growth factor,^[20] platelet-derived growth factor,^[20] vascular endothelial growth factor,^[21] and colony-stimulating factor-1.^[22]

Colostrum is very rich in proteins, vitamin A, and sodium chloride, but contains lower amounts of carbohydrates, lipids, and potassium than mature milk. The most pertinent bioactive components in colostrum are growth factors and antimicrobial factors. The antibodies in colostrum provide passive immunity, while growth factors stimulate the development of the gut. They are passed to the neonate and provide the first protection against pathogens.

In animal husbandry

Colostrum is crucial for newborn farm animals. They receive no passive transfer of immunity via the placenta before birth, so any antibodies that they need have to be ingested. This oral transfer of immunity can occur because the newborn's stomach is porous. This means that large proteins (such as antibodies) can pass through the stomach wall. The newborn animal must receive colostrum within 6 hours of being born for maximal transfer of antibodies to occur. Recent studies indicate that colostrum should be fed to bovines within the first thirty minutes to maximize IgG absorption rates. The stomach wall remains somewhat open up to 24 hours of age, but transfer is more limited.^[23]

Colostrum varies in quality and quantity. In the dairy industry, the quality of colostrum is measured as the amount of IgG (Immunoglobulin G) per liter. It is recommended that newborn calves receive at least 4 quarts (liters) of colostrum with each containing at least 50 IgG/liter. Testing of colostral quality can be done by multitude of devices including colostrometer, optical refractometer or digital refractometer.

Livestock breeders commonly bank colostrum from their animals. Colostrum can be stored frozen but it does lose some of its inherent quality. Colostrum produced on a breeder's own premises is considered to be superior to colostrum from other sources, because it is produced by animals already exposed to (and, thus, making antibodies to) pathogens occurring on the premises. A German study reported that multiparous mares produced on average a liter (quart) of colostrum containing 70 grams of IgG.^[24]

In most dairy cow herds, the calves are removed from their mothers soon after birth and fed colostrum from a bottle.

Human consumption of bovine colostrum

Solidified colostrum in a sweet stall, Salem, Tamil Nadu.

Molozyvo – a traditional dish of Ukrainian cuisine. It is a sweet cheese made of cow colostrum.

Assertions that colostrum consumption is of adult human benefit are questionable because most components undergo digestion in the mature stomach, including antibodies and all other proteins. Bovine colostrum and its components are as harmful for human consumption as other bovine lactic secretions, especially in the context of intolerance or allergy to lactose or other components. Despite evidence that most components are not absorbed intact, proponents claim colostrum is useful in the treatment or prevention of a variety of illnesses.^[25]^[26]^[27]

Bovine colostrum from pasture-fed cows contains immunoglobulins specific to many human pathogens, including Escherichia coli, Cryptosporidium parvum, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella, Staphylococcus, ^[28] and rotavirus (which causes diarrhea in infants). Before the development of antibiotics, colostrum was the main source of immunoglobulins used to fight infections. In fact, when Albert Sabin made his first oral vaccine against polio, the immunoglobulin he used came from bovine colostrum.^[29] When antibiotics began to appear, interest in colostrum waned, but, now that antibiotic-resistant strains of pathogens have developed, interest is once again returning to natural alternatives to antibiotics, namely, colostrum.^[30]

Some athletes have used colostrum in an attempt to improve their performance^[31] decrease recovery time,^[32] and prevent sickness during peak performance levels.^[33]^[34] Thus, supplementation with bovine colostrum, 20 grams per day (g/d), in combination with exercise training for 8 wk may increase bone-free lean body mass in active men and women.^[31]^[35]

Low IGF-1 levels may be associated with dementia in the very elderly, although causation has not been established.^[36] People with eating disorders also have low levels of IGF-1 due to malnutrition,^[37] as do obese individuals.^[38] Supplementation with colostrum, which is rich in IGF-1, can be a useful part of a weight reduction program.^{[citation needed]} Although IGF-1 is not absorbed intact by the body, it does stimulate the production of IGF-1 when taken as a supplement.^[39]

Colostrum also has antioxidant components, such as lactoferrin^[40] and hemopexin, which binds free heme in the body.^[41]

Hyperimmune colostrum

Hyperimmune colostrum was an early attempt to boost the effectiveness of natural bovine colostrum by immunizing cows with a specific pathogen and then collecting the colostrum after the cow gave birth. This initially appeared very promising as antibodies did appear towards the specific pathogens or antigens that were used in the original challenge. However, upon closer examination and comparison, it was found that IgG levels in natural colostrum towards 19 specific human pathogens were just as high as in hyperimmune colostrum, and natural colostrum nearly always had higher antibody titers than did the hyperimmune version.^[28]

Proline-rich Polypeptides (PRP)

These small immune signaling peptides were independently discovered in colostrum and other sources, such as blood plasma, in the United States,^[42] and Poland.^[43] Hence they appear under various names in the literature, including Colostrinin, CLN, transfer factor and PRP. They function as signal transducing molecules that have the unique effect of modulating the immune system, turning it up when the body comes under attack from pathogens or other disease agents, and damping it when the danger is eliminated or neutralized.^[44] At first thought to actually transfer immunity from one immune system to another, it now appears that PRP simply stimulates cell-mediated immunity.^[45]

References

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^ Peter Bird, Northamptonshire ACRE 'Village Voices' oral history recordings, Northamptonshire ACRE and Northamptonshire County Archives
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^ Playford, RJ.; Floyd, DN.; Macdonald, CE.; Calnan, DP.; Adenekan, RO.; Johnson, W.; Goodlad, RA.; Marchbank, T. (May 1999). "Bovine colostrum is a health food supplement which prevents NSAID induced gut damage". Gut 44 (5): 653–8. doi:10.1136/gut.44.5.653. PMC 1727496. PMID 10205201.
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External links

Maryland Cooperative Extension

Droplets of colostrum expressed from the breast of a 40-weeks pregnant woman.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 乳汁分泌の生理学 physiology of lactation
2. 正期産児のための母乳の栄養組成 nutritional composition of human milk for full term infants
3. 運動能力向上を目的に摂取を認められている、非ホルモン性の薬剤や物質 permitted non hormonal performance enhancing substances
4. 乳頭分泌 nipple discharge
5. 体液性免疫応答 the humoral immune response

English Journal

Simultaneous quantification of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine in colostrum and mature human milk using a 2-dimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry system.

Lopes BR1, Cassiano NM1, Carvalho DM2, Moisés ECD2, Cass QB3.
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis.J Pharm Biomed Anal.2018 Feb 20;150:362-367. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.12.041. Epub 2017 Dec 20.
PMID 29287263

α-Tocopherol and β-carotene concentrations in feed, colostrum, cow and calf serum in Swedish dairy herds with high or low calf mortality.

Torsein M1,2, Lindberg A3, Svensson C4, Jensen SK5, Berg C6, Waller KP4,7.
Acta veterinaria Scandinavica.Acta Vet Scand.2018 Feb 1;60(1):7. doi: 10.1186/s13028-018-0361-0.
PMID 29391014

Association of breast milk fatty acids with allergic disease outcomes-A systematic review.

Waidyatillake NT1, Dharmage SC1,2, Allen KJ2, Lodge CJ1,2, Simpson JA3, Bowatte G1, Abramson MJ4, Lowe AJ1,2.
Allergy.Allergy.2018 Feb;73(2):295-312. doi: 10.1111/all.13300. Epub 2017 Oct 24.
PMID 28869762

Japanese Journal

Enteric, hepatic and muscle tissue development of juvenile dourado Salminus brasiliensis fed with lyophilized bovine colostrum

Fisheries science 82(2), 321-326, 2016-03
NAID 40020774394

Immune Milk Suppresses Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1

Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 62(1), 67-70, 2016
NAID 130005148609

Changes in the plasma levels of several bone markers in newborn calves during the first two days of life

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 78(2), 337-340, 2016
NAID 130005131356

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