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クロストリジウム

関: clostridial、Clostridium

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/12 21:59:36」(JST)

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The Clostridia are a highly polyphyletic class of Firmicutes, including Clostridium and other similar genera. They are distinguished from the Bacilli by lacking aerobic respiration. They are obligate anaerobes and oxygen is toxic to them. Species of the genus Clostridium are all Gram-positive and have the ability to form spores. Studies show they are not a monophyletic group, and their relationships are not entirely certain. Currently most are placed in a single order called Clostridiales, but this is not a natural group and is likely to be redefined in the future.

Most species of the genus Clostridium are saprophytic organisms found in many places in the environment, most notably the soil. However, the genus does contain some human pathogens (outlined below). The toxins produced by certain members of the Clostridium genus are among the most dangerous known. Examples are tetanus toxin (known as tetanospasmin) produced by C. tetani and botulinum toxin produced by C. botulinum. Some species have been isolated from women with bacterial vaginosis.^[1]

Notable species of this class include:

Clostridium perfringens (Gangrene, Food poisoning)
Clostridium difficile (Pseudomembranous colitis)
Clostridium tetani (Tetanus)
Clostridium botulinum (Botulism)
Clostridium acetobutylicum
Clostridium haemolyticum
Clostridium novyi
Clostridium oedematiens

Heliobacteria are also members of the class Clostridia.

Some of the enzymes produced by this group are used in bioremediation.

Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) ^[2] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)^[3] and the phylogeny is based on 16S rRNA-based LTP release 106 by The All-Species Living Tree Project ^[4]

Clostridia s.s.

Peptococcaceae 2

Peptococcaceae 1

	Heliobacteriaceae

	Peptococcaceae 3

Thermincola

Negativicutes

	Acidaminococcaceae

	Veillonellaceae

Peptococcaceae 4

	Dethiobacter alkaliphilus

	Natranaerobiaceae

Anaerobranca {Clostridiales Family XIV. Incertae Sedis}

Eubacteriaceae

Garciella nitratireducens

Clostridiaceae 3

Clostridiales Family XI. Incertae Sedis [incl. Anaerosphaera aminiphila]

	Eubacterium angustum

	Proteiniborus ethanoligenes

Clostridiaceae 4 [incl. various Clostridium ssp.]

	Clostridiales Family XII. Incertae Sedis

	Clostridiales Family XIII. Incertae Sedis [incl. various Eubacterium spp.]

	Clostridiaceae 2 [incl. various Clostridium ssp.]

	Peptostreptococcaceae [incl. Clostridiales Family XIX. Incertae Sedis and various Clostridium & Eubacterium spp.]

Clostridiales s.s.

	Thermoanaerobacterales Unnamed clade III [incl. Caldicoprobacter]

	Clostridiaceae 1 [incl. various Eubacterium spp.]

	Gracilibacter thermotolerans

	Lutispora thermophila

	Ruminococcaceae [incl. Bacteroides cellulosolvens, Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum, Gemmiger formicilis, Oscillibacter valericigenes, Saccharofermentans acetigenes and various Clostridium & Eubacterium spp.]

	Lachnospiraceae [incl. Anaerosporobacter mobilis, Desulfotomaculum guttoideum, Fusobacterium naviforme, Lactobacillus rogosae, Lactonifactor longoviformis, various Bacteroides, Clostridium, Eubacterium, & Ruminococcus ssp.]

Unassigned Clostridia s.s.

Catabacteraceae ♠ Lau et al. 2007
- Catabacter hongkongensis ♠ Lau et al. 2007
Christensenellaceae Morotomi et al. 2012
- Christensenella minuta Morotomi et al. 2012
Defluviitaleaceae Jabari et al. 2012
- Defluviitalea saccharophila Jabari et al. 2012

Note:
♠ Strains found at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) but not listed in the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LSPN)

References

^ Africa, Charlene; Nel, Janske; Stemmet, Megan (2014). "Anaerobes and Bacterial Vaginosis in Pregnancy: Virulence Factors Contributing to Vaginal Colonisation". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 11 (7): 6979–7000. doi:10.3390/ijerph110706979. ISSN 1660-4601.
^ J.P. Euzéby. "Clostridia". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) [1]. Retrieved 2011-11-17.
^ Sayers et al. "Clostridia". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database [2]. Retrieved 2011-06-05.
^ All-Species Living Tree Project."16S rRNA-based LTP release 106 (full tree)" (PDF). Silva Comprehensive Ribosomal RNA Database [3]. Retrieved 2011-11-17.

External links

Clostridium cluster reference sequences

UpToDate Contents

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1. 嫌気性細菌感染 anaerobic bacterial infections
2. クロストリジウム性筋肉壊死 clostridial myonecrosis
3. ボツリヌス中毒 botulism
4. 分娩後子宮内膜炎 postpartum endometritis
5. 小児における急性下痢症の病因 pathogenesis of acute diarrhea in children

English Journal

Exoproteome analysis of Clostridium cellulovorans in natural soft-biomass degradation.

Esaka K1, Aburaya S1, Morisaka H2, Kuroda K1, Ueda M2.
AMB Express.AMB Express.2015 Jan 24;5(1):2. eCollection 2015.
Clostridium cellulovorans is an anaerobic, cellulolytic bacterium, capable of effectively degrading various types of soft biomass. Its excellent capacity for degradation results from optimization of the composition of the protein complex (cellulosome) and production of non-cellulosomal proteins acco
PMID 25642399

Assessment of the microbiological quality of fresh produce on sale in Sicily, Italy: preliminary results.

Cardamone C1, Aleo A2, Mammina C2, Oliveri G1, Di Noto AM1.
Journal of biological research (Thessalonikē, Greece).J Biol Res (Thessalon).2015 Feb 28;22(1):3. doi: 10.1186/s40709-015-0026-3. eCollection 2015.
BACKGROUND: Fresh produce occupies an increasingly important place in the human food supply because of its health-promoting nutritional properties. Most fresh produce is eaten raw or after minimal processing and, consequently, pathogen contamination can represent a serious health risk. There has bee
PMID 25984508

Production of structurally diverse wheat arabinoxylan hydrolyzates using combinations of xylanase and arabinofuranosidase.

Mendis M1, Simsek S2.
Carbohydrate polymers.Carbohydr Polym.2015 Nov 5;132:452-9. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.05.083. Epub 2015 Jun 14.
Structurally different wheat arabinoxylan hydrolyzates (AXH) were generated using different combinations of Cellvibrio japonicas xylanase (CJX), Aspergillus niger xylanase (ANX), Bifidobacterium adolescentis arabinofuranosidase (BAF) and Clostridium thermocellum arabinofuranosidase (CAF). Between th
PMID 26256370

Japanese Journal

Elucidation of the recognition mechanisms for hemicellulose and pectin in Clostridium cellulovorans using intracellular quantitative proteome analysis

AMB Express 5, 2015-05-23
NAID 120005763864

腸内細菌発酵産物である酪酸による大腸制御性T細胞の分化誘導 (特集宿主と共生細菌の間の相互作用による免疫学的恒常性)

臨床免疫・アレルギー科 63(4), 305-311, 2015-04
NAID 40020444737

Aminocella lysinolytica gen. nov., sp. nov., a L-lysine-degrading, strictly anaerobic bacterium in the class Clostridia isolated from a methanogenic reactor of cattle farms.

Archives of microbiology 197(1), 97-104, 2015-01-01
NAID 120005698410

「clostridial infection」

Clostridia
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Firmicutes
Class:	Clostridia
Orders
	Clostridiales Caldicoprobacteraceae; Christensenellaceae; Clostridiaceae; Defluviitaleaceae; Eubacteriaceae; Graciibacteraceae; Heliobacteriaceae; Lachnospiraceae; Oscillospiraceae; Peptococcaceae; Peptostreptococcaceae; Ruminococcaceae; Syntrophomonadaceae; Veillonellaceae; ; Halanaerobiales Halanaerobiaceae; Halobacteroidaceae; ; Natranaerobiales Natranaerobiaceae; ; Thermoanaerobacteriales Thermoanaerobacteraceae; Thermodesulfobiaceae; ;