関: chinook salmon、Oncorhynchus keta、Oncorhynchus nerka、Oncorhynchus tshawytscha、salmon、salmonid、Salmonidae、Salmoniformes、sockeye salmon

WordNet

soft-finned fishes of cold and temperate waters
salmon and trout (同)family Salmonidae
a pale pinkish orange color
any of various large food and game fishes of northern waters; usually migrate from salt to fresh water to spawn
flesh of any of various marine or freshwater fish of the family Salmonidae
bait consisting of chopped fish and fish oils that are dumped overboard to attract fish
a tributary of the Snake River in Idaho (同)Salmon River

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〈C〉(魚の)『サケ』;〈U〉サケの肉 / 〈U〉サケの肉の色,サーモンピンク(黄色がかったピンク色)
《話》(特に男性の)親友,仲よし / (魚を集める)まき餌(え) / 《英古》(…と)部屋を分けあう《+『together with』+『名』》 / まき餌をまく

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/01/03 13:48:03」(JST)

wiki en

The chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta, is a species of anadromous fish in the salmon family. It is a Pacific salmon, and may also be known as dog salmon or Keta salmon, and is often marketed under the name Silverbrite salmon. The name Chum salmon comes from the Chinook Jargon term tzum, meaning "spotted" or "marked", while "Keta" comes from the Evenki language of Eastern Siberia via Russian.

Appearance

They have an ocean coloration of silvery blue green. When adults are near spawning, they have purple blotchy streaks near the caudal fin. Spawning males typically grow an elongated snout or kype and have enlarged teeth. Some researchers speculate these characteristics are used to compete for mates.

Spawning

Chum Salmon of a breeding season.

Artificially-incubated chum salmon

Most Chum salmon spawn in small streams and intertidal zones. Some Chum travel more than 3,200 km (2,000 mi) up the Yukon River. Chum fry migrate out to sea from March through July, almost immediately after becoming free swimmers. They spend one to three years traveling very long distances in the ocean. These are the last salmon to spawn (November to January). They die about two weeks after they return to the freshwater to spawn. They utilize the lower tributaries of the watershed, tend to build nests called redds, really little more than protected depressions in the gravel, in shallow edges of the watercourse and at the tail end of deep pools. The female lays eggs in the redd, the male sprays sperm on the eggs, and the female covers the eggs with gravel. The female can lay up to 4000 eggs.

Age

Chum live for an average of 6 to 7 years, and chum in Alaska mature at the age of 5 years.

Distribution

Chum salmon have the largest natural range of any Pacific salmon, and undergo the longest migrations within the genus Oncorhynchus, far up the Yukon River and deep into the Amur River basin in Asia. In lesser numbers they migrate thousands of kilometres up the Mackenzie River.^[1] Chum are found around the north Pacific, in the waters of Korea, Japan, and the Okhotsk and Bering seas (Kamchatka, Chukotka, Kuril Islands, Sakhalin, Khabarovsk Krai, Primorsky Krai), British Columbia in Canada, and from Alaska to California in the United States. In in Arctic Ocean they are found in limited numbers from the Laptev Sea to the Beaufort Sea.^[1]

Sizes

Adult chum usually weigh from 4.4 to 10.0 kg, (9.7 lbs to 22.0 lbs) with an average length of 60 cm (24 inches). The record for chum is 19 kg (42 lbs) and 112 cm (44 inches) and was caught at Edie Pass in British Columbia.

Diet

Juvenile chum eat zooplankton and insects. Recent studies show that they also eat comb jellies. As adults, they eat smaller fish.

Commercial use and value

The chum salmon is the least commercially valuable salmon. Despite being extremely plentiful in Alaska, commercial fishers often choose not to fish for them because of their low market value. Recent market developments have increased the demand for Chum salmon. Markets developed for chum from 1984 to 1994 in Japan and northern Europe which increased demand.^{[citation needed]} They are a traditional source of dried salmon.

Conservation

There are few healthy groups of chum remaining in North America outside of Alaska.^{[citation needed]} This is partially because of dams, which block the free flow of the water and the migration of the fish.

Two populations of Chum have been listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act, as threatened species. These are the Hood Canal Summer Run population and the Lower Columbia River Population.

Susceptibility to diseases

Chum are thought to be fairly resistant to whirling disease, but it is unclear.

Notes

^ ^a ^b Augerot, Xanthippe; Foley, Dana Nadel (2005). Atlas of Pacific salmon: the first map-based status assessment of salmon in the North Pacific. University of California Press. pp. 68–71. ISBN 978-0-520-24504-4.

References

National Marine Fisheries Service chum salmon web page
"Oncorhynchus keta". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=161976. Retrieved 24 January 2006.
Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2005). "Oncorhynchus keta" in FishBase. 10 2005 version.
Encarta Encyclopedia 2004
Alaska Department of Fish and Game
National Marine Fisheries Service ESA Listings

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Effects of anesthesia and surgery on U (crit) performance and MO (2) in chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta.

Hayashida K, Nii H, Tsuji T, Miyoshi K, Hamamoto S, Ueda H.SourceWatershed Environmental Engineering Research Team, Civil Engineering Research Institute for Cold Region, 1-3 Hiragishi, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo, 062-8602, Japan, hayashida0109@gmail.com.
Fish physiology and biochemistry.Fish Physiol Biochem.2012 Nov 21. [Epub ahead of print]
Telemetry is a useful technique for elucidating salmon behavior, but the recovery periods before fish can be safely released after the attachment of telemetry devices have not yet been established. Reported recovery times vary widely, from 2 h to 13 days. We examined how anesthesia and surgery to
PMID 23179913

Chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta respond to moonlight during homeward migrations.

Hasegawa EI.SourceNational Research Institute of Fisheries Engineering, Fisheries Research Agency, Kamisu, Ibaraki, Japan. eih@fra.affrc.go.jp
Journal of fish biology.J Fish Biol.2012 Jul;81(2):632-41. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03356.x.
The swimming depth of chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta equipped with archival tags was investigated off the Pacific Ocean coast of Hokkaido and North Honshu, Japan. As shown from movements of the fish with disc tags, O. keta swam at shallower depths during the full-moon phase than in the other phases a
PMID 22803727

Japanese Journal

Perspectives on wild and hatchery salmon interactions at sea, potential climate effects on Japanese chum salmon, and the need for sustainable salmon fishery management reform in Japan

Kaeriyama Masahide,Seo Hyunju,Kudo Hideaki,Nagata Mitsuhiro
Environmental Biology of Fishes 94(1), 165-177, 2012-05
… Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) play an important role as a keystone species and provider of ecosystem services in the North Pacific ecosystem. … We review our studies on recent production trends, marine carrying capacity, climate effects and biological interactions between wild and hatchery origin populations of Pacific salmon in the open sea, with a particular focus on Japanese chum salmon (O. …
NAID 120004066080

Cost-effective accurate estimates of adult chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta, abundance in a Japanese river using a radio-controlled helicopter

Kudo Hideaki,Koshino Yousuke,Eto Akihiro,Ichimura Masaki,Kaeriyama Masahide
Fisheries Research 119-120, 94-98, 2012-05
… This paper describes an attempt in 2008 to establish an aerial census of adult chum salmon using a smallradio-controlled (RC) helicopter. … The Moheji River, located in southern Hokkaido, was chosen because allthe salmon in a stretch of the river between a weir and the estuary are seine-netted every morning forartificial propagation. …
NAID 120003811548

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リンク元	「salmonid」「Oncorhynchus nerka」「Oncorhynchus keta」「Salmonidae」「chinook salmon」
関連記事	「salmon」

「salmonid」

Chum salmon, raw
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy	502 kJ (120 kcal)
Carbohydrates	0 g
- Dietary fiber	0 g
Fat	3.77 g
- saturated	0.84 g
- monounsaturated	1.541 g
- polyunsaturated	0.898 g
Protein	20.14 g
- Tryptophan	0.226 g
- Threonine	0.883 g
- Isoleucine	0.928 g
- Leucine	1.637 g
- Lysine	1.849 g
- Methionine	0.596 g
- Cystine	0.216 g
- Phenylalanine	0.786 g
- Tyrosine	0.68 g
- Valine	1.037 g
- Arginine	1.205 g
- Histidine	0.593 g
- Alanine	1.218 g
- Aspartic acid	2.062 g
- Glutamic acid	3.006 g
- Glycine	0.967 g
- Proline	0.712 g
- Serine	0.822 g
Water	75.38 g
Alcohol	0 g
Vitamin A equiv.	30 μg (4%)
Thiamine (vit. B1)	0.08 mg (7%)
Riboflavin (vit. B2)	0.18 mg (15%)
Niacin (vit. B3)	7 mg (47%)
Pantothenic acid (B5)	0.75 mg (15%)
Vitamin B6	0.4 mg (31%)
Folate (vit. B9)	4 μg (1%)
Vitamin B12	3 μg (125%)
Vitamin C	0 mg (0%)
Vitamin E	1.09 mg (7%)
Calcium	11 mg (1%)
Iron	0.55 mg (4%)
Magnesium	22 mg (6%)
Manganese	0.015 mg (1%)
Phosphorus	283 mg (40%)
Potassium	429 mg (9%)
Sodium	50 mg (3%)
Zinc	0.47 mg (5%)
	Percentages are relative to; US recommendations for adults.; Source: USDA Nutrient Database

Chum salmon
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Salmoniformes
Family:	Salmonidae
Genus:	Oncorhynchus
Species:	O. keta
Binomial name
	Oncorhynchus keta; (Walbaum, 1792)