Salmonidae
Temporal range: Upper Cretaceous–Recent
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| Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha) |
| Scientific classification |
| Kingdom: |
Animalia |
| Phylum: |
Chordata |
| Class: |
Actinopterygii |
| Infraclass: |
Teleostei |
| Superorder: |
Protacanthopterygii |
| Order: |
Salmoniformes
Bleeker, 1859 |
| Family: |
Salmonidae
G. Cuvier, 1816 |
| Genera |
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(see text)
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Salmonidae is the name of a family of ray-finned fish, the only living family currently placed in the order Salmoniformes. It includes salmon, trout, chars, freshwater whitefishes, and graylings. The Atlantic salmon and trout of the genus Salmo give the family and order their names.
Salmonids have a relatively primitive appearance among the teleost fish, with the pelvic fins being placed far back, and an adipose fin towards the rear of the back. They are slender fish, with rounded scales and forked tails. Their mouths contain a single row of sharp teeth.[2] Although the smallest species is just 13 cm (5.1 in) long as an adult, most are much larger, with the largest reaching 2 m (6.6 ft).[1]
All salmonids spawn in fresh water, but in many cases, the fish spend most of their lives at sea, returning to the rivers only to reproduce. This lifecycle is described as anadromous. They are predators, feeding on small crustaceans, aquatic insects, and smaller fish.[2]
Contents
- 1 Evolution
- 2 Classification
- 3 Timeline of genera
- 4 References
- 5 Further reading
Evolution
Enchodus petrosus mounted skeleton cast in the Rocky Mountain Dinosaur Resource Center in Woodland Park, Colorado
Current salmonids arose from three lineages: whitefish (Coregoninae), graylings (Thymallinae), and the char, trout, and salmons (Salmonidae). Generally, all three lineages are accepted to share a suite of derived traits indicating a monophyletic group.[3]
The Salmonidae first appear in the fossil record in the middle Eocene with the fossil Eosalmo driftwoodensis, which was first described from fossils found at Driftwood Creek, central British Columbia. This genus shares traits found in the Salmoninae, whitefish, and grayling lineages. Hence, E. driftwoodensis is an archaic salmonid, representing an important stage in salmonid evolution.[3]
A gap appears in the salmonine fossil record after E. driftwoodensis until about seven million years ago (mya), in the late Miocene, when trout-like fossils appear in Idaho, in the Clarkia Lake beds.[4] Several of these species appear to be Oncorhynchus—the current genus for Pacific salmon and some trout. The presence of these species so far inland established that Oncorhynchus was not only present in the Pacific drainages before the beginning of the Pliocene (~5–6 mya), but also that rainbow and cutthroat trout, and Pacific salmon lineages had diverged before the beginning of the Pliocene. Consequently, the split between Oncorhynchus and Salmo (Atlantic salmon) must have occurred well before the Pliocene. Suggestions have gone back as far as the early Miocene (about 20 mya).[3][5]
Classification
Together with the closely related Esociformes (the pikes and related fishes), Osmeriformes (e.g. smelts), and Argentiniformes, the Salmoniformes comprise the superorder Protacanthopterygii.
The Salmonidae (and Salmoniformes) are divided into three subfamilies and around 10 genera:[1]
Order Salmoniformes
- Family: Salmonidae
- Subfamily: Coregoninae
- Coregonus - whitefishes (78 species)
- Prosopium - round whitefishes (six species)
- Stenodus - inconnu (one or two species)
- Subfamily: Thymallinae
- Thymallus - graylings (13 species)
- Subfamily: Salmoninae
- Brachymystax - lenoks (three species)
- † Eosalmo (one species)
- Hucho (five species)
- Oncorhynchus - Pacific salmon and trout (12 species)
- Salmo - Atlantic salmon and trout (43 species)
- Salvelinus - Char and trout (e.g. brook trout, lake trout) (51 species)
- Salvethymus (one species)
Timeline of genera
References
- ^ a b c Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2008). "Salmonidae" in FishBase. December 2008 version.
- ^ a b McDowell, Robert M. (1998). Paxton, J.R. & Eschmeyer, W.N., ed. Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 114–116. ISBN 0-12-547665-5.
- ^ a b c McPhail, J.D.; Strouder, D.J. (1997). "Pacific Salmon and Their Ecosystems: Status and Future Options". The Origin and Speciation of Oncorhynchus. New York, New York: Chapman & Hall.
- ^ Smiley, Charles J. "Late Cenozoic History of the Pacific Northwest". Association for the Advancement of Science: Pacific Division. Retrieved 2006-08-08. [dead link]
- ^ Montgomery, David R. (2000). "Coevolution of the Pacific Salmon and Pacific Rim Topography". Department of Geological Sciences, University of Washington. Retrieved 2006-08-08. [dead link]
Further reading
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Salmonidae. |
- Behnke, Robert J. Trout and Salmon of North America, Illustrated by Joseph R. Tomelleri. 1st Chanticleer Press ed. New York: The Free Press, 2002. ISBN 0-7432-2220-2
- Dushkina, L.A. Farming of Salmonids in Russia, Aquaculture & Fisheries Management; Jan1994, Vol. 25 Issue 1, p121-126
- Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2004). "Salmonidae" in FishBase. October 2004 version.
- "Salmonidae". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 12 December 2004.
- Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2004). "Salmoniformes" in FishBase. October 2004 version.
- Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera". Bulletins of American Paleontology 364: p.560. Retrieved 2011-05-17.
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Extant Actinopterygii orders by subclass
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- Kingdom Animalia
- Phylum Chordata
- Subphylum Vertebrata
- Infraphylum Gnathostomata
- Superclass Osteichthyes
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| Chondrostei |
- Polypteriformes
- Acipenseriformes
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| Neopterygii |
- Lepisosteiformes
- Amiiformes
- Osteoglossiformes
- Hiodontiformes
- Elopiformes
- Albuliformes
- Notacanthiformes
- Anguilliformes
- Saccopharyngiformes
- Clupeiformes
- Gonorynchiformes
- Cypriniformes
- Characiformes
- Gobiesociformes
- Gymnotiformes
- Siluriformes
- Salmoniformes
- Esociformes
- Osmeriformes
- Argentiniformes
- Ateleopodiformes
- Stomiiformes
- Aulopiformes
- Myctophiformes
- Lampriformes
- Polymixiiformes
- Percopsiformes
- Batrachoidiformes
- Lophiiformes
- Gadiformes
- Ophidiiformes
- Mugiliformes
- Atheriniformes
- Beloniformes
- Cetomimiformes
- Cyprinodontiformes
- Stephanoberyciformes
- Beryciformes
- Zeiformes
- Gasterosteiformes
- Syngnathiformes
- Synbranchiformes
- Tetraodontiformes
- Pleuronectiformes
- Scorpaeniformes
- Perciformes
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Salmon
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Groups and
species |
- Salmon
- Salmonidae
- Adriatic salmon
- Atlantic salmon
- Black Sea salmon
- Pacific salmon
- Chum salmon
- Chinook salmon
- Coho salmon
- Masu salmon
- Pink salmon
- Steelhead
- Satsukimasu salmon
- Sockeye salmon
- Taiwanese salmon
- Danube salmon
- Sabertooth salmon
- Genetically modified salmon
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Fisheries and
management |
- Aquaculture of salmon
- Fly fishing bibliography
- Environmental issues with salmon
- Old McKenzie Fish Hatchery
- Pre-spawn mortality in coho salmon
- Puget Sound salmon
- Putcher
- Putcher fishing
- Alaska salmon fishery
- Salmon conservation
- Salmon run
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| As food |
- Salmon (food)
- Cured salmon
- Gravlax
- Lohikeitto
- Lomi salmon
- Lox
- Poacher's Relish
- Rui-be
- Salmon burger
- Salmon cannery
- Salmon tartare
- Smoked salmon
- Images
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Diseases and
parasites |
- Diseases and parasites in salmon
- Amoebic gill disease
- Ceratomyxa shasta
- Gyrodactylus salaris
- Henneguya zschokkei
- Infectious salmon anemia virus
- M74 syndrome
- Myxobolus cerebralis
- Nanophyetus salmincola
- Salmon louse
- Sea louse
- Salmon tapeworm
- Sphaerothecum destruens
- Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae
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| Organisations |
- Atlantic Salmon Federation
- Cook Inlet Aquaculture Association
- North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization
- Pacific Salmon Commission
- Welsh Salmon and Trout Angling Association
- Wild Salmon Center
- Yakima Klickitat Fisheries Project
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| Other |
- Ceasg
- Salmon (color)
- Salmon of Wisdom
- Salmon Fishing in the Yemen
- The Salmon Fly
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