乳幼児死亡率

WordNet

an immature childish person; "he remained a child in practical matters as long as he lived"; "stop being a baby!" (同)baby
a human offspring (son or daughter) of any age; "they had three children"; "they were able to send their kids to college" (同)kid
a young person of either sex; "she writes books for children"; "theyre just kids"; "`tiddler is a British term for youngster" (同)kid, youngster, minor, shaver, nipper, small_fry, tiddler, tike, tyke, fry, nestling
a member of a clan or tribe; "the children of Israel"
the quality or state of being mortal
the 22nd letter of the Greek alphabet (同)khi

PrepTutorEJDIC

(おとなに対して)『子供』,幼児,児童;(小学・中学・高校の)児童 / (親に対して)子,子孫;息子,娘 / (ある環鏡・時代の)影響を受けて生まれた人,(…の)申し子《+『of』+『名』》 / (頭脳・空想などが)産み出したものの,所産《+『of』+『名』》
〈U〉死を免れぬこと,死ぬべき運命 / 〈U〉《時にa~》死亡数;死亡率 / 〈U〉《時にa~》(戦争などによる)多数の死
キー(ギリシア語アルファベットの第22字X,x;英語のchに相当)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/04/14 15:28:24」(JST)

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Child mortality, also known as under-5 mortality, refers to the death of infants and children under the age of five. In 2011, 6.9 million children under five died,^[1] down from 7.6 million in 2010,^[2] 8.1 million in 2009,^[3] and 12.4 million in 1990.^[3] About half of child deaths occur in Sub-Saharan Africa.^[1] Reduction of child mortality is the fourth of the United Nations' Millennium Development Goals.

Child Mortality Rate is the highest in low-income countries, such as most countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. A child's death is emotionally and physically damaging for the mourning parents. Many deaths in the third world go unnoticed since many poor families cannot afford to register their babies in the government registry. ^[4]

Causes

According to UNICEF,^[5] most child deaths (and 70% in developing countries)^[6] result from one the following five causes or a combination thereof:

acute respiratory infections
diarrhea
measles
malaria
malnutrition

Prevention

Main article: Child survival

Two-thirds of child deaths are preventable.^[7] Most of the children who die each year could be saved by low-tech, evidence-based, cost-effective measures such as vaccines, antibiotics, micronutrient supplementation, insecticide-treated bed nets, improved family care and breastfeeding practices ,^[8] and oral rehydration therapy.^[9] Empowering women, removing financial and social barriers to accessing basic services, developing innovations that make the supply of critical services more available to the poor and increasing local accountability of health systems are policy interventions that have allowed health systems to improve equity and reduce mortality.^[1]

Rate

The under-5 mortality rate is the number of children who die by the age of five, per thousand live births per year. In 2011, the world average was 51 (5.1%), down from 87 (8.7%) in 1990. The average was 7 in developed countries and 57 developing countries, including 109 in sub-saharan Africa.^[1] Likewise, there are disparities between wealthy and poor households in developing countries. According to a Save the Children paper, children from the poorest households in India are three times more likely to die before their fifth birthday than those from the richest households.^[10] However, there are also limitations in calculating an accurate rate in developing countries, especially in rural areas. An ethnographic study in Pacatuba, Brazil, found that the under-5 mortality rate only accounted for 44.4% of the actual deaths that occurred in the community. High travel costs, lost labor, and a withdrawal of socio-economic benefits are factors as to why deaths may not be reported to government vital statistics agencies within a country.^[11]

Highest rates in the world

In 2009, there were 31 countries reported in which at least 10% of children under five died. All were in Africa, except for Afghanistan. The highest 10 were:^[12]

Chad - 20.9%
Afghanistan - 19.9%
Democratic Republic of the Congo - 19.9%
Guinea-Bissau - 19.3%
Sierra Leone - 19.2%
Mali - 19.1%
Somalia - 18.0%
Central African Republic - 17.1%
Burkina Faso - 16.6%
Burundi - 16.6%

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Levels & Trends in Child Mortality Report 2012 (U.N.)
^ UNICEF press release Sept. 2011
^ ^a ^b UNICEF press relief September 17, 2010
^ Child Mortality
^ UNICEF - Health - the big picture
^ UNICEF - Health
^ UNICEF - Young child survival and development.
^ UNICEF MDG Goal 4
^ New formula for oral rehydration salts will save millions of lives
^ Inequalities in child survival: looking at wealth and other socio-economic disparities in developing countries
^ Nations, Marilyn K., and Mara Lucia Amaral. 1991. Flesh, Blood, Souls, and Households: Cultural Validity in Mortality Inquiry. Medical Anthropology Quarterly 5 (3):204-220.
^ [1]

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Vitamin D, Vascular Calcification and Mortality among Alcoholics.

Quintero-Platt G1, González-Reimers E2, Martín-González MC1, Jorge-Ripper C1, Hernández-Luis R1, Abreu-González P3, Rodríguez-Gaspar M1, Santolaria-Fernández F1.
Alcohol and alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire).Alcohol Alcohol.2015 Jan;50(1):18-23. doi: 10.1093/alcalc/agu076. Epub 2014 Nov 3.
AIMS: To analyze the relationship between low vitamin D levels and mortality among alcoholics.METHODS: One hundred twenty-eight alcoholic patients admitted to our hospital were followed up as outpatients. Nutritional status was evaluated measuring percentages of fat and lean mass in different body c
PMID 25371043

Paracetamol-associated acute liver failure in Australian and New Zealand children: high rate of medication errors.

Rajanayagam J1, Bishop JR1, Lewindon PJ2, Evans HM1.
Archives of disease in childhood.Arch Dis Child.2015 Jan;100(1):77-80. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2013-304902. Epub 2014 Sep 16.
BACKGROUND: In children, paracetamol overdose due to deliberate self-poisoning, accidental exposure or medication errors can lead to paediatric acute liver failure and death. In Australia and New Zealand, the nature of ingestion and outcomes of paracetamol-associated paediatric acute liver failure h
PMID 25228327

Intrapartum magnesium sulfate and need for intensive delivery room resuscitation.

Weisz DE1, Shivananda S2, Asztalos E3, Yee W4, Synnes A5, Lee SK6, Shah PS7; Canadian Neonatal Network.
Archives of disease in childhood. Fetal and neonatal edition.Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed.2015 Jan;100(1):F59-65. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2013-305884. Epub 2014 Sep 17.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association of intrapartum magnesium sulfate for fetal neuroprotection (MgSO4-FN) with the delivery room resuscitation and neonatal outcomes of preterm infants in an era of minimisation of invasive mechanical ventilation.DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study.SETTING: Neonatal
PMID 25232002

Japanese Journal

小児における circular LA resection による左房縮小術の2治験例

八神啓,村山弘臣,長谷川広樹,前田正信
日本心臓血管外科学会雑誌 44(2), 103-107, 2015
巨大左房は，長期間僧帽弁疾患を罹患した結果生じることが多く，小児での報告は少ない．当院では，先天性僧帽弁閉鎖不全症（MR）に続発した巨大左房症例のうち，左房拡大による有症状小児に対して，僧帽弁形成術（MVP）と併せてcircular LA resectionによる左房縮小術を施行している．その経過について，2例の経験を報告する．症例1は1歳の男児．心雑音を契機に，IV度のMRと巨大左房を診断した． …
NAID 130005062375

Fetal Bradyarrhythmia Associated With Congenital Heart Defects:– Nationwide Survey in Japan –

Miyoshi Takekazu,Maeno Yasuki,Sago Haruhiko,Inamura Noboru,Yasukouchi Satoshi,Kawataki Motoyoshi,Horigome Hitoshi,Yoda Hitoshi,Taketazu Mio,Shozu Makio,Nii Masaki,Kato Hitoshi,Hagiwara Akiko,Omoto Akiko,Shimizu Wataru,Shiraishi Isao,Sakaguchi Heima,Nishimura Kunihiro,Nakai Michikazu,Ueda Keiko,Katsuragi Shinji,Ikeda Tomoaki
Circulation Journal advpub(0), 2015
… A ventricular rate <55 beats/min had significant effects on fetal myocardial dysfunction (P=0.02) and fetal hydrops (P=0.04), resulting in high mortality.Conclusions:The prognosis of fetal bradyarrhythmia with CHD is still poor. …
NAID 130004927178

The Impact of Treated Bacterial Infections within One Month before Living Donor Liver Transplantation in Adults

Hara Takanobu,Soyama Akihiko,Takatsuki Mitsuhisa,Hidaka Masaaki,Carpenter Izumi,Kinoshita Ayaka,Adachi Tomohiko,Kitasato Amane,Kuroki Tamotsu,Eguchi Susumu
Annals of Transplantation 19, 674-679, 2014-12-23
… The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of pre-transplant bacterial infections within one month before LDLT and their impact on the post-transplant morbidity and mortality.Material/Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 50 adult LDLT recipients between January 2009 and October 2011. … Patients with pre-transplant infections had higher Child-Pugh scores [median, 11 vs. 9.5, P<0.05] and model for end-stage liver disease scores [median, 17.5 vs. 14, P<0.05] compared with the other patients. …
NAID 120005527917