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a scientist who specializes in chemistry

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『化学者』 / 《英》=pharmacist
宇宙化学(宇宙内の化学元素の所在と分布を扱う科学)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/11/20 11:48:00」(JST)

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The Apothecary or The Chemist by Gabriël Metsu (c. 1651–67)

A chemist is a scientist trained in the study of chemistry. Chemists study the composition of matter and its properties. Chemists carefully describe the properties they study in terms of quantities, with detail on the level of molecules and their component atoms. Chemists carefully measure substance proportions, reaction rates, and other chemical properties. The word 'chemist' is also used to address Pharmacists in Commonwealth English.

Chemists use this knowledge to learn the composition, and properties of unfamiliar substances, as well as to reproduce and synthesize large quantities of useful naturally occurring substances and create new artificial substances and useful processes. Chemists may specialize in any number of subdisciplines of chemistry. Materials scientists and metallurgists share much of the same education and skills with chemists. The work of chemists is often related to the work of chemical engineers, which are primarily concerned with the proper design, construction and evaluation of the most cost-effective large-scale chemical plants and work closely with industrial chemists on the development of new processes and methods for the commercial-scale manufacture of chemicals and related products.

History of chemistry

Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev - author of the first modern periodic table of elements

Antoine Lavoisier (1743–94) is considered the "Father of Modern Chemistry".

The roots of chemistry can be traced to the phenomenon of burning. Fire was a mystical force that transformed one substance into another and thus was of primary interest to mankind. It was fire that led to the discovery of ironn and glasses. After gold was discovered and became a precious metal, many people were interested to find a method that could convert other substances into gold. This led to the protoscience called alchemy. The word chemist is derived from the New Latin noun chimista, an abbreviation of alchimista (alchemist). Alchemists discovered many chemical processes that led to the development of modern chemistry. Chemistry as we know it today, was invented by Antoine Lavoisier with his law of conservation of mass in 1783. The discoveries of the chemical elements has a long history culminating in the creation of the periodic table by Dmitri Mendeleev. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry created in 1901 gives an excellent overview of chemical discovery since the start of the 20th .

Education

Jobs for chemists usually require at least a bachelor's degree, but many positions, especially those in research, require a Ph.D. Most undergraduate programs emphasize mathematics and physics as well as chemistry, partly because chemistry is also known as "the central science", thus chemists ought to have a well-rounded knowledge about science. At the Master's level and higher, students tend to specialize in a particular field. Fields of specialization include biochemistry, nuclear chemistry, organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, polymer chemistry, analytical chemistry, theoretical chemistry, quantum chemistry, environmental chemistry, and physical chemistry. Postdoctoral experience may be required for certain positions.

Workers whose work involves chemistry, but not at a complexity requiring an education with a chemistry degree, are commonly referred to as chemical technicians. Such technicians commonly do such work as simpler, repetitive analyses for quality control or in clinical laboratories.

Employment

The three major employers of chemists are academic institutions, industry, especially the chemical industry and the pharmaceutical industry, and government laboratories.

Chemistry typically is divided into several major sub-disciplines. There are also several main cross-disciplinary and more specialized fields of chemistry. There is a great deal of overlap between different branches of chemistry, as well as with other scientific fields such as biology, medicine, physics, radiology, and several engineering disciplines.

Analytical chemistry is the analysis of material samples to gain an understanding of their chemical composition and structure. Analytical chemistry incorporates standardized experimental methods in chemistry. These methods may be used in all subdisciplines of chemistry, excluding purely theoretical chemistry.

Biochemistry is the study of the chemicals, chemical reactions and chemical interactions that take place in living organisms. Biochemistry and organic chemistry are closely related, for example, in medicinal chemistry.

A chemist prepares a new fuel cell for testing.

A chemist pours from a round-bottom flask.

Inorganic chemistry is the study of the properties and reactions of inorganic compounds. The distinction between organic and inorganic disciplines is not absolute and there is much overlap, most importantly in the sub-discipline of organometallic chemistry. Inorganic chemistry is also the study of atomic and molecular structure and bonding.

Medicinal chemistry is the science involved with designing, synthesizing and developing pharmaceutical drugs. Medicinal chemistry involves the identification, synthesis and development of new chemical entities suitable for therapeutic use. It also includes the study of existing drugs, their biological properties, and their quantitative structure-activity relationships.

Organic chemistry is the study of the structure, properties, composition, mechanisms, and chemical reaction of organic compounds.

Physical chemistry is the study of the physical fundamental basis of chemical systems and processes. In particular, the energetics and dynamics of such systems and processes are of interest to physical chemists. Important areas of study include chemical thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, electrochemistry, quantum chemistry, statistical mechanics, and spectroscopy. Physical chemistry has a large overlap with theoretical chemistry and molecular physics. Physical chemistry involves the use of calculus in deriving equations.

Theoretical chemistry is the study of chemistry via theoretical reasoning (usually within mathematics or physics). In particular the application of quantum mechanics to chemistry is called quantum chemistry. Since the end of the Second World War, the development of computers has allowed a systematic development of computational chemistry, which is the art of developing and applying computer programs for solving chemical problems. Theoretical chemistry has large overlap with condensed matter physics and molecular physics. See reductionism.

All the above major areas of chemistry employ chemists. Other fields where chemical degrees are useful include astrochemistry (and cosmochemistry), atmospheric chemistry, chemical engineering, chemo-informatics, electrochemistry, environmental science, forensic science, geochemistry, green chemistry, history of chemistry, materials science, medical science, molecular biology, molecular genetics, nanotechnology, nuclear chemistry, oenology, organometallic chemistry, petrochemistry, pharmacology, photochemistry, phytochemistry, polymer chemistry, supramolecular chemistry and surface chemistry.

Professional societies

Chemists may belong to professional societies that specialize in chemist members, such as the Royal Society of Chemistry in the United Kingdom, or the American Chemical Society (ACS) in the United States.

Honors and awards

The highest honor awarded to chemists is the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, awarded since 1901, by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

References

American Chemical Society website
Chemical Abstracts Service indexes and abstracts the world's chemistry-related literature and patents
Chemists and Materials Scientists from the U.S. Department of Labor's Occupational Outlook Handbook
Royal Society of Chemistry website
History of Chemistry links for chemists
Luminaries of the Chemical Sciences accomplishments, biography, and publications from 44 of the most influential chemists
Selected Classic Papers from the History of Chemistry
Links for Chemists guide to web sites related to chemistry
ChemistryViews.org website

UpToDate Contents

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1. 食道内多チャンネルインピーダンス検査 esophageal multichannel intraluminal impedance testing
2. LSDおよび他の一般的な幻覚剤による中毒 intoxication from lsd and other common hallucinogens

English Journal

Deciphering the "chemical" nature of the exotic isotopes of hydrogen by the MC-QTAIM analysis: the positively charged muon and the muonic helium as new members of the periodic table.

Goli M1, Shahbazian S.Author information 1Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., Evin, P.O. Box 19395-4716, 19839, Tehran, Iran. chemist_shant@yahoo.com.AbstractThis report is a primarily survey on the chemical nature of some exotic species containing the positively charged muon and the muonic helium, i.e., the negatively charged muon plus helium nucleus, as exotic isotopes of hydrogen, using the newly developed multi-component quantum theory of atoms in molecules (MC-QTAIM) analysis, employing ab initio non-Born-Oppenhiemer wavefunctions. Accordingly, the "atoms in molecules" analysis performed on various asymmetric exotic isotopomers of the hydrogen molecule, recently detected experimentally [Science, 2011, 331, 448], demonstrates that both the exotic isotopes are capable of forming atoms in molecules and retaining the identity of hydrogen atoms. Various derived properties of atomic basins containing the muonic helium cast no doubt that apart from its short life time, it is a heavier isotope of hydrogen while the properties of basins containing the positively charged muon are more remote from those of the orthodox hydrogen basins, capable of appreciable donation of electrons as well as large charge polarization. However, with some tolerance, they may also be categorized as hydrogen basins though with a smaller electronegativity. All in all, the present study also clearly demonstrates that the MC-QTAIM analysis is an efficient approach to decipher the chemical nature of species containing exotic constituents, which are difficult to elucidate by experimental and/or alternative theoretical schemes.
Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.Phys Chem Chem Phys.2014 Apr 14;16(14):6602-13. doi: 10.1039/c3cp55162h. Epub 2014 Feb 26.
This report is a primarily survey on the chemical nature of some exotic species containing the positively charged muon and the muonic helium, i.e., the negatively charged muon plus helium nucleus, as exotic isotopes of hydrogen, using the newly developed multi-component quantum theory of atoms in mo
PMID 24569859

Silver from polyurethane dressing is delivered by gradient to exudate, tissue, and serum of patients undergoing negative-pressure wound treatment.

Abarca-Buis RF1, Munguía NM, Gonzalez JM, Solís-Arrieta L, Y Osorio LS, Krötzsch E.Author information 1René F. Abarca-Buis, PhD, is a Medical Science Researcher, Laboratory of Connective Tissue, Centro Nacional de Investigación y Atención de Quemados, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, Mexico City. Nadia M. Munguía, BSc, is a Chemist, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City. Juan Manuel Melchor Gonzalez, MD, is a Surgeon, Department of Plastic Surgery, Instituto de Seguridad Social del Estado de México y Municipios, Estado de Mexico. Lilia Solís-Arrieta, MSc, is a Microscopist, Laboratory of Electronic Microscopy, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, Mexico City. Liliana Saldivar y Osorio, PhD, is Chairman, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City. Edgar Krötzsch, PhD, is Chairman, Laboratory of Connective Tissue, Centro Nacional de Investigación y Atención de Quemados, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, Mexico City. Acknowledgments: The authors thank Deepak Kilpadi, PhD, MBA, for a critical review of the manuscript, and Orna Wiseman from Write Science Right for English translation and editorial review. The authors have disclosed that they have no financial relationships related to this article. Submitted December 12, 2012; accepted in revised form May 8, 2013.AbstractOBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the distribution and concentration of silver eluted from silver-coated polyurethane dressing (V.A.C. GranuFoam Silver Dressing; KCI, San Antonio, Texas) in vitro and in patients undergoing negative-pressure wound therapy (NPWT).
Advances in skin & wound care.Adv Skin Wound Care.2014 Apr;27(4):156-62. doi: 10.1097/01.ASW.0000444849.71374.bc.
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the distribution and concentration of silver eluted from silver-coated polyurethane dressing (V.A.C. GranuFoam Silver Dressing; KCI, San Antonio, Texas) in vitro and in patients undergoing negative-pressure wound therapy (NPWT).DESIGN: This was a descriptive s
PMID 24637649

Remote-controlling chemical reactions by light: Towards chemistry with high spatio-temporal resolution.

Göstl R1, Senf A, Hecht S.Author information 1Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str.2, 12489 Berlin, Germany. sh@chemie.hu-berlin.de.AbstractThe foundation of the chemical enterprise has always been the creation of new molecular entities, such as pharmaceuticals or polymeric materials. Over the past decades, this continuing effort of designing compounds with improved properties has been complemented by a strong effort to render their preparation (more) sustainable by implementing atom as well as energy economic strategies. Therefore, synthetic chemistry is typically concerned with making specific bonds and connections in a highly selective and efficient manner. However, to increase the degree of sophistication and expand the scope of our work, we argue that the modern aspiring chemist should in addition be concerned with attaining (better) control over when and where chemical bonds are being made or broken. For this purpose, photoswitchable molecular systems, which allow for external modulation of chemical reactions by light, are being developed and in this review we are covering the current state of the art of this exciting new field. These "remote-controlled synthetic tools" provide a remarkable opportunity to perform chemical transformations with high spatial and temporal resolution and should therefore allow regulating biological processes as well as material and device performance.
Chemical Society reviews.Chem Soc Rev.2014 Mar 21;43(6):1982-96. doi: 10.1039/c3cs60383k. Epub 2014 Jan 13.
The foundation of the chemical enterprise has always been the creation of new molecular entities, such as pharmaceuticals or polymeric materials. Over the past decades, this continuing effort of designing compounds with improved properties has been complemented by a strong effort to render their pre
PMID 24413363