cellulitis

蜂窩織炎

　

WordNet

1. an inflammation of body tissue (especially that below the skin) characterized by fever and swelling and redness and pain

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/03/02 09:58:44」(JST)

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This article is about infection of skin and its underlying connective tissue. For the dimpled appearance of skin, see cellulite.

Cellulitis
Skin cellulitis
Classification and external resources
Specialty	Infectious disease
ICD-10	L03
ICD-9-CM	682.9
DiseasesDB	29806
MedlinePlus	000855
eMedicine	med/310 emerg/88 derm/464
MeSH	D002481

Cellulitis is a bacterial infection involving the inner layers of the skin. It specifically affects the dermis and subcutaneous fat. Signs and symptoms include an area of redness which increases in size over a couple of days. The borders of the area of redness are generally not sharp and the skin may be swollen. While the redness often turns white when pressure is applied this is not always the case. The area of infection is usually painful. Lymphatic vessels may occasionally be involved, and the person may have a fever and feel tired.

The legs and face are the most common site involved, though cellulitis can occur on any part of the body. The leg is typically affected following a break in the skin. Other risk factors include obesity, leg swelling, and old age. For face infections a break in the skin beforehand is not usually the case. The bacteria most commonly involved are streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus. In contrast to cellulitis, erysipelas is a bacterial infection involving the more superficial layers of the skin, presents with an area of redness with well-defined edges, and more often is associated with fever. More serious infections such as an underlying bone infection or necrotizing fasciitis should be ruled out.

Diagnosis is usually based on the presenting signs and symptoms with cell culture rarely being possible. Treatment with antibiotics taken by mouth, such as cephalexin, amoxicillin, or cloxacillin, is often used. In those who are seriously allergic to penicillin, erythromycin or clindamycin may be used. When methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is a concern, doxycycline or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole may, in addition, be recommended. Concern is related to the presence of pus or previous MRSA infections. Steroids may speed recovery in those on antibiotics. Elevating the infected area may be useful as may pain killers.

Around 95% of people are better after seven to ten days of treatment. Potential complications include abscess formation. Skin infections affect about two of every 1000 people per year. Cellulitis in 2013 resulted in about 30,000 deaths worldwide. In the United Kingdom, cellulitis was the reason for 1.6% of admissions to the hospital.

Signs and symptoms

The typical signs and symptoms of cellulitis is an area which is red, hot, and painful. The photos shown here of are of mild to moderate cases, and are not representative of earlier stages of the condition.

• Cellulitis following an abrasion: Note the red streaking up the arm from involvement of the lymphatic system.

• Infected left shin in comparison to shin with no sign of symptoms

• Cellulitis of the leg with foot involvement

Causes

Cellulitis is caused by a type of bacteria entering the skin, usually by way of a cut, abrasion, or break in the skin. This break does not need to be visible. Group A Streptococcus and Staphylococcus are the most common of these bacteria, which are part of the normal flora of the skin, but normally cause no actual infection while on the skin's outer surface.

Dental infections account for about 80% of cases of Ludwig's angina, or cellulitis of the submandibular space. Mixed infections, due to both aerobes and anaerobes, are commonly associated with the cellulitis of Ludwig's angina. Typically, this includes alpha-hemolytic streptococci, staphylococci, and bacteroides groups.

Predisposing conditions for cellulitis include insect or spider bite, blistering, animal bite, tattoos, pruritic (itchy) skin rash, recent surgery, athlete's foot, dry skin, eczema, injecting drugs (especially subcutaneous or intramuscular injection or where an attempted intravenous injection "misses" or blows the vein), pregnancy, diabetes, and obesity, which can affect circulation, as well as burns and boils, though debate exists as to whether minor foot lesions contribute. Occurrences of cellulitis may also be associated with the rare condition hidradenitis suppurativa.

The appearance of the skin assists a doctor in determining a diagnosis. A doctor may also suggest blood tests, a wound culture, or other tests to help rule out a blood clot deep in the veins of the legs. Cellulitis in the lower leg is characterized by signs and symptoms similar to those of a deep vein thrombosis, such as warmth, pain, and swelling (inflammation).

This reddened skin or rash may signal a deeper, more serious infection of the inner layers of skin. Once below the skin, the bacteria can spread rapidly, entering the lymph nodes and the bloodstream and spreading throughout the body. This can result in influenza-like symptoms with a high temperature and sweating or feeling very cold with shaking, as the sufferer cannot get warm.

In rare cases, the infection can spread to the deep layer of tissue called the fascial lining. Necrotizing fasciitis, also called by the media "flesh-eating bacteria", is an example of a deep-layer infection. It is a medical emergency.

Risk factors

The elderly and those with immunodeficiency (a weakened immune system) are especially vulnerable to contracting cellulitis. Diabetics are more susceptible to cellulitis than the general population because of impairment of the immune system; they are especially prone to cellulitis in the feet, because the disease causes impairment of blood circulation in the legs, leading to diabetic foot/foot ulcers. Poor control of blood glucose levels allows bacteria to grow more rapidly in the affected tissue, and facilitates rapid progression if the infection enters the bloodstream. Neural degeneration in diabetes means these ulcers may not be painful, and thus often become infected. Those who have suffered poliomyelitis are also prone because of circulatory problems, especially in the legs.

Immunosuppressive drugs, and other illnesses or infections that weaken the immune system, are also factors that make infection more likely. Chickenpox and shingles often result in blisters that break open, providing a gap in the skin through which bacteria can enter. Lymphedema, which causes swelling on the arms and/or legs, can also put an individual at risk.

Diseases that affect blood circulation in the legs and feet, such as chronic venous insufficiency and varicose veins, are also risk factors for cellulitis.

Cellulitis is also common among dense populations sharing hygiene facilities and common living quarters, such as military installations, college dormitories, nursing homes, oil platforms, and homeless shelters.

Diagnosis

Cellulitis is most often a clinical diagnosis, readily identified in many people by history and physical examination alone, with rapidly spreading areas of cutaneous edema, redness and heat, occasionally associated with inflammation of regional lymph nodes. While classically distinguished as a separate entity from erysipelas by spreading more deeply to involve the subcutaneous tissues, many clinicians may classify erysipelas as cellulitis. Both are often treated similarly, but cellulitis associated with furuncles, carbuncles, or abscesses is usually caused S. aureus, which may affect treatment decisions, especially antibiotic selection. Skin aspiration of non-purulent cellulitis, usually caused by streptococcal organisms, is rarely helpful for diagnosis and blood cultures are positive in fewer than 5% of all cases.

It is important to evaluate for co-existent abscess as this finding usually requires surgical drainage as opposed to antibiotic therapy alone. Physicians' clinical assessment for abscess may be limited, especially in cases with extensive overlying induration, but use of bedside ultrasonography performed by an experienced practitioner readily discriminates between abscess and cellulitis and may change management in up to 56% of cases. Use of ultrasound for abscess identification may also be indicated in cases of antibiotic failure. Cellulitis has a characteristic "cobblestoned" appearance indicative of subcutaneous edema without a defined hypoechoic, heterogeneous fluid collection that would indicate abscess.

Differential diagnosis

Other conditions that may mimic cellulitis include deep vein thrombosis, which can be diagnosed with a compression leg ultrasound, and stasis dermatitis, which is inflammation of the skin from poor blood flow. Signs of a more severe infection such as necrotizing fasciitis or gas gangrene that would require prompt surgical intervention include purple bullae, skin sloughing, subcutaneous edema and systemic toxicity.

Associated musculoskeletal findings are sometimes reported. When it occurs with acne conglobata, hidradenitis suppurativa, and pilonidal cysts, the syndrome is referred to as the follicular occlusion triad or tetrad.

Lyme disease can be misdiagnosed as staphylococcal- or streptococcal-induced cellulitis. Because the characteristic bullseye rash does not always appear in people infected with Lyme disease, the similar set of symptoms may be misdiagnosed as cellulitis. Standard treatments for cellulitis are not sufficient for curing Lyme disease. The only way to rule out Lyme disease is with a blood test, which is recommended during warm months in areas where the disease is endemic.

Prevention

In those who have previously had cellulitis, the use of antibiotics may help prevent future episodes. This is recommended by CREST for those who have had more than two episodes.

Treatment

Antibiotics are usually prescribed, with the agent selected based on suspected organism and presence or absence of purulence, although the best treatment choice is unclear. If an abscess is also present surgical drainage is usually indicated, with antibiotics often prescribed for co-existent cellulitis, especially if extensive. Pain relief is also often prescribed, but excessive pain should always be investigated as it is a symptom of necrotizing fasciitis. Elevation of the affected area is often recommended.

Antibiotics

Antibiotics choices depend on regional availability, but a penicillinase-resistant semisynthetic penicillin or a first-generation cephalosporin are currently recommended for cellulitis without abscess.

Epidemiology

Cellulitis in 2013 resulted in about 30,000 deaths worldwide, up from 27,000 in 1990.

Other animals

Horses may acquire cellulitis, usually secondarily to a wound (which can be extremely small and superficial) or to a deep-tissue infection, such as an abscess or infected bone, tendon sheath, or joint. Cellulitis from a superficial wound usually creates less lameness (grade 1–2 of 5) than that caused by septic arthritis (grade 4–5). The horse exhibits inflammatory edema, which is hot, painful swelling. This swelling differs from stocking up in that the horse does not display symmetrical swelling in two or four legs, but in only one leg. This swelling begins near the source of infection, but eventually continues down the leg. In some cases, the swelling also travels distally. Treatment includes cleaning the wound and caring for it properly, the administration of NSAIDs, such as phenylbutazone, cold hosing, applying a sweat wrap or a poultice, and mild exercise. Veterinarians may also prescribe antibiotics. Cellulitis is also seen in staphylococcal and corynebacterial mixed infections in bulls.

See also

• Erysipelas
• Haemophilus influenzae cellulitis
• Helicobacter cellulitis
• Tuberculous cellulitis

References

Further reading

• Stevens, DL; Bisno, AL; Chambers, HF; Dellinger, EP; Goldstein, EJ; Gorbach, SL; Hirschmann, JV; Kaplan, SL; Montoya, JG; Wade, JC (15 July 2014). "Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the infectious diseases society of America.". Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 59 (2): 147–59. doi:10.1093/cid/ciu296. PMID 24947530. 

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 蜂窩識炎および丹毒 cellulitis and erysipelas
• 2. 眼窩隔膜前蜂巣炎 preseptal cellulitis
• 3. 乳房の蜂巣炎：臨床症状、診断、およびマネージメント breast cellulitis clinical manifestations diagnosis and management
• 4. 眼窩蜂巣炎 orbital cellulitis
• 5. 壊死性軟部組織感染症 necrotizing soft tissue infections

English Journal

• Evidence for increasing severity of community-onset boils and abscesses in UK General Practice.

• Shallcross LJ1, Hayward AC1, Johnson AM1, Petersen I2.
• Epidemiology and infection.Epidemiol Infect.2015 Aug;143(11):2426-9. doi: 10.1017/S0950268814003458. Epub 2014 Dec 22.
• In England, hospital admissions for severe staphylococcal boils and abscesses trebled between 1989 and 2004. We investigated this trend using routine data from primary and secondary care. We used The Health Improvement Network (THIN), a large primary-care database and national data on hospital admis
• PMID 25530161

• Nasal vestibulitis due to targeted therapies in cancer patients.

• Ruiz JN1, Belum VR, Boers-Doets CB, Kamboj M, Babady NE, Tang YW, Valdez TA, Lacouture ME.
• Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer.Support Care Cancer.2015 Aug;23(8):2391-8. doi: 10.1007/s00520-014-2580-x. Epub 2015 Jan 22.
• BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Cancer patients treated with targeted therapies (e.g., epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors) are susceptible to dermatologic adverse events (AEs) including secondary skin infections. Whereas infections such as paronychia and cellulitis have been reported, nasal vestibu
• PMID 25876156

• Dissecting cellulitis of the scalp: a retrospective study of 51 patients and review of litterature.

• Badaoui A1, Reygagne P2, Cavelier-Balloy B3, Pinquier L3, Deschamps L4, Crickx B1, Descamps V1.
• The British journal of dermatology.Br J Dermatol.2015 Jul 2. doi: 10.1111/bjd.13999. [Epub ahead of print]
• Dissecting Cellulitis of the Scalp (DCS), also known as perifolliculitis capitis abscedens et suffodiens or Hoffmann disease, is a rare and unknown etiology of primary neutrophilic cicatricial alopecia. DCS has been considered as being part of the "follicular occlusion tetrad" along with Hidradeniti
• PMID 26134994

Japanese Journal

• 鶏における大腸菌性蜂窩織炎の実験的作出

• 清水 祥子,佐々木 淳,川崎 武志 [他]
• 鶏病研究会報 47(1), 20-27, 2011
• NAID 40018875440

• Community-associated BLNARによる敗血症を伴う蜂窩織炎を来たし,治療に難渋した成人例

• 鷲尾 健,山本 剛,中村 敦子 [他]
• 日本皮膚科学会雑誌 121(7), 1415-1419, 2011-07
• NAID 40018850003

Related Links

• Cellulitis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Cellulitis is a localized or diffuse inflammation of connective tissue with severe inflammation of dermal and subcutaneous layers of the skin. Cellulitis can be caused by normal skin flora or by exogenous bacteria, and often occurs where the ...

• Cellulitis - MayoClinic.com

Cellulitis — Comprehensive overview covers causes, treatment and prevention of this potentially serious skin infection.

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リンク元	「蜂窩織炎」
拡張検索	「pelvic cellulitis」

「蜂窩織炎」

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cellulitis, phlegmon

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蜂巣炎、結合織炎 fibrositis、フレグモーネ phlegmone

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ほうか織炎 : 57 件
ほう巣炎 : 約 95 件
フレグモーネ : 約 37,100 件
小胞炎 : 41 件
蜂か織炎 : 約 32,900 件
蜂巣炎 : 約 43,900 件
蜂巣織炎 : 約 70,400 件
蜂窩織炎 : 約 105,000 件

頚部の蜂巣炎

• 咽後膿瘍
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parametritis