caryopses

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caryopsis

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/01/29 21:49:30」(JST)

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An assortment of caryopses

In botany, a caryopsis (plural caryopses) is a type of simple dry fruit—one that is monocarpellate (formed from a single carpel) and indehiscent (not opening at maturity) and resembles an achene, except that in a caryopsis the pericarp is fused with the thin seed coat.

The caryopsis is popularly called a grain and is the fruit typical of the family Poaceae (or Gramineae), which includes wheat, rice, and corn.

The term grain is also used in a more general sense as synonymous with cereal (as in "cereal grains", which include some non-Poaceae). Considering that the fruit wall and the seed are intimately fused into a single unit, and the caryopsis or grain is a dry fruit, little concern is given to technically separating the terms fruit and seed in these plant structures. In many grains, the "hulls" to be separated before processing are actually flower bracts.

Wheat spikelet with the three anthers sticking out

Caryopsis cross-section

References

English Journal

• Development and function of caryopsis transport tissues in maize, sorghum and wheat.

• Zheng Y1, Wang Z, Gu Y.Author information 1College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China, zhengyankun1985@163.com.AbstractCereal caryopsis transport tissues are essential channels via which nutrients are transported into the embryo and endosperm. There are differences and similarities between caryopsis transport tissues of maize, sorghum and wheat. Vascular bundle, endosperm transfer cells, endosperm conducting cells and embryo surrounding region are common in maize, sorghum and wheat. Placentochalaza is special in maize and sorghum, while chalaza and nucellar projection transfer cells are special in wheat. There is an obvious apoplastic cavity between maternal and filial tissues in sorghum and wheat caryopses, but there is no obvious apoplastic cavity in maize caryopsis. Based on the latest research, the development and function of the three cereal caryopsis transport tissues are discussed and investigated in this paper.
• Plant cell reports.Plant Cell Rep.2014 Mar 21. [Epub ahead of print]
• Cereal caryopsis transport tissues are essential channels via which nutrients are transported into the embryo and endosperm. There are differences and similarities between caryopsis transport tissues of maize, sorghum and wheat. Vascular bundle, endosperm transfer cells, endosperm conducting cells a
• PMID 24652624

• The influence of nitrogen on the development and accumulation of protein bodies in the developing endosperm of wheat caryopses.

• Xiong F1, Yu XR, Zhou L, Zhang J, Li B, Liu J, Wang F, Xiong AS.Author information 1Key Laboratories of Crop Genetics and Physiology of the Jiangsu Province and Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China, feixiong@yzu.edu.cn.AbstractThe aim of the present work was to reveal the histological changes of protein bodies (PBs) in the developing wheat endosperm under nitrogen (N) treatment. For this purpose, the development and accumulation of PBs in the dorsal and ventral regions of wheat endosperm affected by N application at booting stage were investigated using light microscopy and Image-Pro Plus 6.0 software. The endosperm without N treatment contained many smaller PBs that were scattered in endosperm cells in an unordered pattern, whereas the endosperm with N treatment contained many larger PBs or aggregations that were concentrated in a certain region of endosperm cells. The amount and relative areas of PBs in wheat varieties cvs. Xumai 30 and Yangmai 13 were significantly increased by N application. However, the cultivars differed with the degree of response to N being cv. Xumai 30 > cv. Yangmai 13. These differences also varied with position in the endosperm in the order ventral > dorsal region. The initiation of PBs occurred 3 days earlier in N-treated endosperm than the control.
• Molecular biology reports.Mol Biol Rep.2014 Feb;41(2):689-95. doi: 10.1007/s11033-013-2907-6. Epub 2013 Dec 19.
• The aim of the present work was to reveal the histological changes of protein bodies (PBs) in the developing wheat endosperm under nitrogen (N) treatment. For this purpose, the development and accumulation of PBs in the dorsal and ventral regions of wheat endosperm affected by N application at booti
• PMID 24352704

• Structural development of aleurone and its function in common wheat.

• Xiong F1, Yu XR, Zhou L, Wang Z, Wang F, Xiong AS.Author information 1Key Laboratories of Crop Genetics and Physiology of the Jiangsu Province and Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Weihuidong Road 12, Yangzhou, 225009, China, feixiong@yzu.edu.cn.AbstractThe wheat aleurone is formed from surface endosperm cells, and its developmental status reflects its biogenesis, structural characteristics, and physiological functions. In this report, wheat caryopses at different development stages were embedded in Spurr's low-viscosity embedding medium for observation of the development of aleurone cells (ACs) by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and fluorescence microscopy, respectively. According to their structures and physiological characterization, the ACs development process was divided into five stages: endosperm cellulization, spherosome formation, aleurone grain formation, filling material proliferation, and maturation. Furthermore, ACs in different parts of the caryopsis formed differently. ACs near the vascular bundle developed earlier and formed transfer cells, but other ACs formed slowly and did not form transfer cells. ACs on the caryopsis backside were a regular square shape; however, ACs in the caryopsis abdomen were mainly irregular. There were also differences in development between wheat varieties. ACs were rectangular in hard wheat but square in soft wheat. ACs were larger and showed a greater degree of filling in hard compared to soft wheat. The storage materials in ACs were different compared to inner endosperm cells (IECs). The concentrations of minerals such as sodium, magnesium, silicon, phosphorus and potassium were higher in ACs than in IECs. ACs contained many aleurone grains and spherosomes, which store lipids and mineral nutrients, respectively. The cell nucleus did not disappear and the cells were still alive during aleurone maturation. However, IECs were dead and mainly contained amyloplast and protein bodies, which store starch and protein, respectively. Overall, the above results characterized major structural features of aleurone and revealed that the wheat aleurone has mainly four functions.
• Molecular biology reports.Mol Biol Rep.2013 Dec;40(12):6785-92. doi: 10.1007/s11033-013-2795-9. Epub 2013 Sep 21.
• The wheat aleurone is formed from surface endosperm cells, and its developmental status reflects its biogenesis, structural characteristics, and physiological functions. In this report, wheat caryopses at different development stages were embedded in Spurr's low-viscosity embedding medium for observ
• PMID 24057188

Japanese Journal

• オクヤマザサの花穂および種子を食べるエゾキシタヨトウに関する初の報告

• 北村 系子,尾崎 研一,佐山 勝彦
• Bamboo journal (28), 43-46, 2012-03-00
• NAID 40019327944

• Differential Effects of a Transgene to Confer Low Phytic Acid in Caryopses Located at Different Positions in Rice Panicles

• Kuwano Mio,Takaiwa Fumio,Yoshida Kaoru T.
• Plant and cell physiology 50(7), 1387-1392, 2009-07-01
• NAID 10027342191

• In vitro node culture of seedlings in bamboo plant, Phyllostachys meyeri McClure

• Ogita Shinjiro,Kashiwagi Harutsugu,Kato Yasuo
• Plant biotechnology 25(4), 381-385, 2008-09-01
• … We first examined in vitro germination of the caryopses and found that sterilized water supplemented with 0.1% Plant Preservative MixtureTM was effective for their growth with an efficient germination rate (75%). …
• NAID 10021914248

Related Links

• Caryopses - definition of caryopses by The Free Dictionary

Define caryopses. caryopses synonyms, caryopses pronunciation, caryopses translation, English dictionary definition of caryopses. n. pl. car·y·op·ses or car·y·op·si·des See grain. n , pl -ses or -sides 1. a dry seedlike fruit having ...

• Caryopses dictionary definition | caryopses defined

caryopses definition: noun pl. caryopses or caryopsides a small, dry, one-seeded fruit in which the ovary wall remains joined with the seed in a single grain, as in barley, wheat, corn, rice, etc.Origin of caryopsisModL: see caryo ...

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caryopsis、caryopses