cardia

噴門 　

WordNet

1. the opening into the stomach and that part of the stomach connected to the esophagus
2. abnormally rapid heartbeat (over 100 beats per minute)
3. ask someone for identification to determine whether he or she is old enough to consume liquor; "I was carded when I tried to buy a beer!"
4. thin cardboard, usually rectangular
5. one of a set of small pieces of stiff paper marked in various ways and used for playing games or for telling fortunes; "he collected cards and traded them with the other boys"
6. a card certifying the identity of the bearer; "he had to show his card to get in" (同)identity_card
7. (golf) a record of scores (as in golf); "you have to turn in your card to get a handicap" (同)scorecard
8. a rectangular piece of stiff paper used to send messages (may have printed greetings or pictures); "they sent us a card from Miami"

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 心拍急速(心臓の異常に速い拍動)　頻拍　頻脈
2. 『カード』(長方形の厚紙);招待状,名刺,入場券 / =post card / (カードゲームの)礼(playing card) / 《複数形で》《単数扱い》カードゲーム / 《話》おもしろい人;(…の特徴をもつ)人物,やつ / 《米話》(スポーツ試合などの)好い組み合わせ;好番組
3. すきばけ,すきぐし;けばを立てる機械 / 〈羊毛・麻など〉'を'すく;〈布〉‘に'けばを立てる
4. 厚紙(ボール紙)でできた

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/01/10 15:57:51」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

For other uses, see Stomach (disambiguation).

"Gastric" redirects here. For the sauce flavoring, see Gastrique.

Stomach
The stomach is located in the centre of the human body.
Diagram from cancer.gov: * 1. Body of stomach 2. Fundus 3. Anterior wall 4. Greater curvature 5. Lesser curvature 6. Cardia 9. Pyloric sphincter 10. Pyloric antrum 11. Pyloric canal 12. Angular incisure 13. Gastric canal 14. Rugae Work of the United States Government
Details
Latin	Ventriculus
Greek	Gaster
System	Digestive system
Artery	Right gastric artery, left gastric artery, right gastro-omental artery, left gastro-omental artery, short gastric arteries
Vein	Right gastric vein, left gastric vein, right gastroepiploic vein, left gastroepiploic vein, short gastric veins
Nerve	Celiac ganglia, vagus nerve
Lymph	Celiac lymph nodes
Precursor	Foregut
Identifiers
Gray's	p.1161
MeSH	A03.556.875.875
Dorlands /Elsevier	Stomach
TA	A05.5.01.001
FMA	FMA:7148
Anatomical terminology

The stomach is a muscular, hollow, dilated part of the digestive system which functions as an important organ of the digestive tract in some animals, including vertebrates, echinoderms, insects (mid-gut), and molluscs. It is involved in the second phase of digestion, following mastication (chewing).

In most vertebrates, the stomach is located between the esophagus and the small intestine. It secretes protein-digesting enzymes called proteases and strong acids to aid in food digestion, (sent to it via esophageal peristalsis) through smooth muscular contortions (called segmentation) before sending partially digested food (chyme) to the small intestines.

Human stomach

Structure

Sections of the stomach

The stomach lies between the esophagus and the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine). It is on the left upper part of the abdominal cavity. The top of the stomach lies against the diaphragm. Lying behind the stomach is the pancreas. The greater omentum hangs down from the greater curvature.

Two sphincters keep the contents of the stomach contained. They are the lower esophageal sphincter (found in the cardiac region, not an anatomical sphincter) dividing the tract above, and the pyloric sphincter dividing the stomach from the small intestine.

The stomach is surrounded by parasympathetic (stimulant) and orthosympathetic (inhibitor) plexuses (networks of blood vessels and nerves in the anterior gastric, posterior, superior and inferior, celiac and myenteric), which regulate both the secretions activity and the motor (motion) activity of its muscles.

In adult humans, the stomach has a relaxed, near empty volume of about 45 to 75 milliliters. Because it is a distensible organ, it normally expands to hold about one litre of food. The stomach of a newborn human baby will only be able to retain about 30 milliliters.

Sections

In classical anatomy, the stomach is divided into four sections, beginning at the cardia, each of which has different cells and functions.

• The cardia is where the contents of the esophagus empty into the stomach. The cardia is defined as the region following the "z-line" of the gastroesophageal junction, the point at which the epithelium changes from stratified squamous to columnar. Near the cardia is the lower esophageal sphincter.
• The fundus is formed by the upper curvature of the organ.
• The body (Latin: corpus) is the main, central region.
• The Pylorus is the lower section of the organ that facilitates emptying the contents into the small intestine.

Blood supply

Schematic image of the blood supply to the stomach: left and right gastric artery, left and right gastro-omental artery and short gastric artery.

The lesser curvature of the stomach is supplied by the right gastric artery inferiorly, and the left gastric artery superiorly, which also supplies the cardiac region. The greater curvature is supplied by the right gastro-omental artery inferiorly and the left gastro-omental artery superiorly. The fundus of the stomach, and also the upper portion of the greater curvature, is supplied by the short gastric artery which arises from the splenic artery.

Histology

Micrograph showing a cross section of the stomach wall, in the body portion of the stomach. H&E stain.

Main article: Gastrointestinal wall

Like the other parts of the gastrointestinal tract, the stomach walls consist of an outer mucosa, and inner submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa.

The mucosa of the stomach consists of the epithelium and the lamina propria (composed of loose connective tissue), with a thin layer of smooth muscle called the muscularis mucosae separating it from the submucosa beneath. The submucosa lies under the mucosa and consists of fibrous connective tissue, separating the mucosa from the next layer. Meissner's plexus is in this layer. The muscularis externa lies beneath the submucosa, and is unique from other organs of the gastrointestinal tract, consisting of three layers:

• The inner oblique layer: This layer is responsible for creating the motion that churns and physically breaks down the food. It is the only layer of the three which is not seen in other parts of the digestive system. The antrum has thicker skin cells in its walls and performs more forceful contractions than the fundus.
• The middle circular layer: At this layer, the pylorus is surrounded by a thick circular muscular wall which is normally tonically constricted forming a functional (if not anatomically discrete) pyloric sphincter, which controls the movement of chyme into the duodenum. This layer is concentric to the longitudinal axis of the stomach.
• Auerbach's plexus (AKA myenteric plexus) is found between the outer longitundinal and the middle circular layer and is responsible for the innervation of both (causing peristalsis and mixing)
• The outer longitudinal layer

The stomach also possesses a serosa, consisting of layers of connective tissue continuous with the peritoneum.

Glands

Different types of cells are found at the different layers of these glands:

Layer of stomach	Name	Secretion	Region of stomach	Staining
Isthmus of gland	Mucous neck cells	mucus gel layer	Fundic, cardiac, pyloric	Clear
Body of gland	parietal (oxyntic) cells	gastric acid and intrinsic factor	Fundic only	Acidophilic
Base of gland	chief (zymogenic) cells	pepsinogen and gastric lipase	Fundic only	Basophilic
Base of gland	enteroendocrine (APUD) cells	hormones gastrin, histamine, endorphins, serotonin, cholecystokinin and somatostatin	Fundic, cardiac, pyloric	–

• Cardiac glands (at cardia)

• Pyloric glands (at pylorus)

• Fundic glands (at fundus)

Function

Digestion

Main article: digestion

Bolus (masticated food) enters the stomach through the esophagus via the lower esophageal sphincter. The stomach releases proteases (protein-digesting enzymes such as pepsin) and hydrochloric acid, which kills or inhibits bacteria and provides the acidic pH of two for the proteases to work. Food is churned by the stomach through muscular contractions of the wall called peristalsis – reducing the volume of the fundus, before looping around the fundus and the body of stomach as the boluses are converted into chyme (partially digested food). Chyme slowly passes through the pyloric sphincter and into the duodenum of the small intestine, where the extraction of nutrients begins. Depending on the quantity and contents of the meal, the stomach will digest the food into chyme anywhere between forty minutes and a few hours. The average human stomach can comfortably hold about a liter of food.

Gastric juice in the stomach also contains pepsinogen and prorennin. Hydrochloric acid activates these inactive forms of enzymes into active forms which are pepsin and rennin (proteases). Rennin digests the milk protein caseinogen (soluble) into casein (insoluble) thus curdling the milk. Pepsin breaks down proteins into polypeptides.

Control of secretion and motility

The movement and the flow of chemicals into the stomach are controlled by both the autonomic nervous system and by the various digestive system hormones:

Gastrin	The hormone gastrin causes an increase in the secretion of HCl from the parietal cells, and pepsinogen from chief cells in the stomach. It also causes increased motility in the stomach. Gastrin is released by G-cells in the stomach in response to distension of the antrum, and digestive products(especially large quantities of incompletely digested proteins). It is inhibited by a pH normally less than 4 (high acid), as well as the hormone somatostatin.
Cholecystokinin	Cholecystokinin (CCK) has most effect on the gall bladder, causing gall bladder contractions, but it also decreases gastric emptying and increases release of pancreatic juice which is alkaline and neutralizes the chyme. CCK is synthesized by I-cells in the mucosal epithelium of the small intestine.
Secretin	In a different and rare manner, secretin, produced in the small intestine, has most effects on the pancreas, but will also diminish acid secretion in the stomach.
Gastric inhibitory peptide	Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) decreases both gastric acid release and motility.
Enteroglucagon	enteroglucagon decreases both gastric acid and motility.

Other than gastrin, these hormones all act to turn off the stomach action. This is in response to food products in the liver and gall bladder, which have not yet been absorbed. The stomach needs to push food into the small intestine only when the intestine is not busy. While the intestine is full and still digesting food, the stomach acts as storage for food.

EGF in gastric defense

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) results in cellular proliferation, differentiation, and survival. EGF is a low-molecular-weight polypeptide first purified from the mouse submandibular gland, but since then found in many human tissues including submandibular gland, parotid gland. Salivary EGF, which seems also regulated by dietary inorganic iodine, plays also an important physiological role in the maintenance of oro-oesophageal and gastric tissue integrity. The biological effects of salivary EGF include healing of oral and gastroesophageal ulcers, inhibition of gastric acid secretion, stimulation of DNA synthesis as well as mucosal protection from intraluminal injurious factors such as gastric acid, bile acids, pepsin, and trypsin and to physical, chemical and bacterial agents.

Sequence of 123-iodide total-body scintiscans of a woman after intravenous injection of 123-iodide (half-life: 13 hours); (from left) respectively at 30 minutes, and at 6, 20 and 48 hours. High and rapid concentration of radio-iodide (in white) in extra-thyroidal organs is evident in gastric mucosa of the stomach, epidermis, salivary glands, periencephalic and cerebro-spinal fluid, choroid plexus and oral mucosa. In gastric mucosa 131-iodide (half-life: 8 days) persists in scintiscans for more than 72 hours. In the thyroid, iodide-concentration is more progressive, as in a reservoir [from 1% (after 30 minutes) to 5.8% (after 48 hours) of the total injected dose]. High iodide-concentration by the mammary gland is evident only in pregnancy and lactation. High excretion of radio-iodide is observed in the urine. (Venturi, 2009)

Stomach as nutrition sensor

The stomach can "taste" sodium glutamate using glutamate receptors and this information is passed to the lateral hypothalamus and limbic system in the brain as a palatability signal through the vagus nerve. The stomach can also sense, independently to tongue and oral taste receptors, glucose, carbohydrates proteins, and fats. This allows the brain to link nutritional value of foods to their tastes.

Absorption

Although the absorption is mainly a function of the small intestine, some absorption of certain small molecules nevertheless does occur in the stomach through its lining. This includes:

• Water, if the body is dehydrated
• Medication, like aspirin
• Amino acids

• 10–20% of ingested ethanol (e.g. from alcoholic beverages)
• Caffeine

Vitamin B12 absorption

The parietal cells of the stomach are responsible for producing Intrinsic Factor, which is necessary for the absorption of Vitamin B12. Vitamin B12 is used in cellular metabolism and is necessary for the production of red blood cells, and the functioning of the nervous system.

Clinical significance

An endoscopy of a normal stomach of a healthy 65-year-old woman.

Diseases

Main article: Stomach disease

A large number of studies have indicated that most cases of peptic ulcers, gastritis, and stomach cancer are caused by Helicobacter pylori infection. The stomach has to regenerate a new layer of mucus every two weeks, or else damage to the epithelium may result.

Surgery

Many bariatric surgery procedures involve the stomach, in order to lose weight. A gastric band may be placed around the cardia area, which can adjust to limit intake. The anatomy of the stomach may be modified, or the stomach may be bypassed entirely.

Surgical removal of the stomach is called a Gastrectomy, and removal of the cardia area is a called a "cardiactomy". "Cardiectomy" is a term that is also used to describe removal of the heart. This may be carried out because of gastric cancer or severe perforation of the stomach wall.

History

There were previously conflicting statements in the academic anatomy community over whether the cardia is part of the stomach, part of the esophagus or a distinct entity. Modern surgical and medical textbooks have agreed that "The gastric cardia is now clearly considered to be part of the stomach."

Etymology

The word stomach is derived from the Latin stomachus which is derived from the Greek word stomachos (Greek: στόμαχος), ultimately from stoma (Greek: στόμα), "mouth". The words gastro- and gastric (meaning related to the stomach) are both derived from the Greek word gaster (meaning "belly" in Greek: γαστήρ).

Other animals

Although the precise shape and size of the stomach varies widely among different vertebrates, the relative positions of the esophageal and duodenal openings remain relatively constant. As a result, the organ always curves somewhat to the left before curving back to meet the pyloric sphincter. However, lampreys, hagfishes, chimaeras, lungfishes, and some teleost fish have no stomach at all, with the esophagus opening directly into the intestine. These animals all consume diets that either require little storage of food, or no pre-digestion with gastric juices, or both.

The gastric lining is usually divided into two regions, an anterior portion lined by fundic glands, and a posterior with pyloric glands. Cardiac glands are unique to mammals, and even then are absent in a number of species. The distributions of these glands vary between species, and do not always correspond with the same regions as in man. Furthermore, in many non-human mammals, a portion of the stomach anterior to the cardiac glands is lined with epithelium essentially identical to that of the esophagus. Ruminants, in particular, have a complex stomach, the first three chambers of which are all lined with esophageal mucosa.

In birds and crocodilians, the stomach is divided into two regions. Anteriorly is a narrow tubular region, the proventriculus, lined by fundic glands, and connecting the true stomach to the crop. Beyond lies the powerful muscular gizzard, lined by pyloric glands, and, in some species, containing stones that the animal swallows to help grind up food.

Comparison of stomach glandular regions from several mammalian species. Yellow: esophagus; green: glandular epithelium; purple: cardiac glands; red: gastric glands; blue: pyloric glands; dark blue: duodenum. Frequency of glands may vary more smoothly between regions than is diagrammed here. Asterisk (ruminant) represents the omasum, which is absent in Tylopoda (Tylopoda also has some cardiac glands opening onto ventral reticulum and nrumen) Many other variations exist among the mammals.

Additional Images

• Greater omentum and stomach

• Stomach

• A more realistic image, showing the celiac artery and its branches; the liver has been raised, and the lesser omentum and anterior layer of the greater omentum removed.

• An autopsy of a stomach. 2012 Instituto Nacional de Cardiología

• Stomach

• The gastrointestinal wall of the stomach.

See also

• Bariatric surgery, weight loss surgery
• Foveolar cells, mucous producing cells of the stomach
• Peristalsis, muscular movement that occurs in the gastrointestinal system, including the stomach
• Borborygmus, growling of stomach
• Digestion
• Gut flora
• Gastroesophageal reflux disease
• Proton pump inhibitors

References

External links

• "Stomach" article from the Encyclopedia of Nursing & Allied Health, from enotes.com
• Digestion of proteins in the stomach or tiyan
• Site with details of how ruminants process food
• Medical diagram of gastric blood supply

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 胃癌の補助化学療法および術前補助化学療法 adjuvant and neoadjuvant treatment of gastric cancer
• 2. 切除可能な食道胃接合部癌および胃噴門部腺癌の集学的アプローチ multimodality approaches to potentially resectable esophagogastric junction and gastric cardia adenocarcinomas
• 3. バレット食道：疫学、臨床症状、および診断 barretts esophagus epidemiology clinical manifestations and diagnosis
• 4. バレット食道のためのラジオ波焼灼術 radiofrequency ablation for barretts esophagus
• 5. 拡大内視鏡検査 magnification endoscopy

English Journal

• Different frequencies of Porphyromonas gingivalis infection in cancers of the upper digestive tract.

• Yuan X1, Liu Y2, Kong J2, Gu B2, Qi Y2, Wang X1, Sun M2, Chen P2, Sun W2, Wang H3, Zhou F4, Gao S5.
• Cancer letters.Cancer Lett.2017 Sep 28;404:1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.07.003. Epub 2017 Jul 11.
• PMID 28705771

• Prognostic Role of Primary Tumor Location in Non-Metastatic Gastric Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 50 Studies.

• Petrelli F1, Ghidini M2, Barni S3, Steccanella F4, Sgroi G4, Passalacqua R2, Tomasello G2.
• Annals of surgical oncology.Ann Surg Oncol.2017 Sep;24(9):2655-2668. doi: 10.1245/s10434-017-5832-4. Epub 2017 Mar 15.
• PMID 28299508

• Adjuvant Chemoradiotherapy for Non-Pretreated Gastric Cancer.

• Ho VKY1, Jansen EPM2, Wijnhoven BPL3, Neelis KJ4, van Sandick JW5, Verhoeven RHA6, Lemmens VEP6,7, van Laarhoven HWM8.
• Annals of surgical oncology.Ann Surg Oncol.2017 Aug 22. doi: 10.1245/s10434-017-6048-3. [Epub ahead of print]
• PMID 28831737

Japanese Journal

• Expression of the c-Met Proto-Oncogene and Integrin α5β1 in Human Gastric Cardia Adenocarcinoma

• CHI Fusheng,FU Da,ZHANG Xiaoping [他]
• Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 76(8), 1471-1476, 2012-08
• NAID 40019400125

• 多チャンネル胃電図検査におけるパラメーター(%normal,%SWC)と胃排出能に関する検討

• 村上 陽昭,松本 英男,甲斐田 祐子,窪田 寿子,東田 正陽,平林 葉子,岡 保夫,奥村 英雄,浦上 淳,山下 和城,平井 敏弘
• 日本平滑筋学会雑誌 15(2&3), "J-37"-"J-44", 2011-12-21
• … Experiments were carried out in 13 healthy volunteers, 2 patients with gastric cancer, 3 patients performed local resection of Cardia (LES/vagus nerve preservation), and one patient with a gastric ulcer. …
• NAID 110008899126

Related Links

• 【浜松市】CARDIA カルディア｜美容室 美容院 ヘッドスパ ...

浜松市の「美容室カルディア CARDIA 」は、カルディアルッソ、カルディアエール カルディア ホテルコンコルド浜松店等、ヘアサロン、エステ、ブライダル、ヘッドスパなど美のトータル美容室として、浜松市、静岡市、名古屋市など ...

• 【浜松市】CARDIA カルディア｜美容室 美容院 エステ スタッフ紹介

CARDIA各店のスタッフ紹介。より多くのお客様が喜んで笑顔でお帰りいただけるサロンでありたい。カルディアは常にお客様の目線に立ちながら接客し、『笑顔』が絶えない美容室を目指します。

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「噴門」「噴門部」
拡張検索	「cardiac device infective endocarditis」「eosinophilic endomyocardial disease」
関連記事	「card」

「噴門」

　　[★]

英

cardia (Z)

関

胃

• 食道から胃に入ってすぐの部位。

「噴門部」

　　[★]

英

cardia, cardiac region

関

胃

「cardiac device infective endocarditis」

　　[★] CDIE 心臓デバイス感染性心内膜炎

「eosinophilic endomyocardial disease」

　　[★] 好酸性心内膜心筋疾患

「card」

　　[★]