関: CM-cellulose、CMC、croscarmellose sodium

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/08/04 22:55:10」(JST)

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Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) or cellulose gum^[1] is a cellulose derivative with carboxymethyl groups (-CH₂-COOH) bound to some of the hydroxyl groups of the glucopyranose monomers that make up the cellulose backbone. It is often used as its sodium salt, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose.

Preparation

It is synthesized by the alkali-catalyzed reaction of cellulose with chloroacetic acid. The polar (organic acid) carboxyl groups render the cellulose soluble and chemically reactive.

The functional properties of CMC depend on the degree of substitution of the cellulose structure (i.e., how many of the hydroxyl groups have taken part in the substitution reaction), as well as the chain length of the cellulose backbone structure and the degree of clustering of the carboxymethyl substituents.

Uses

CMC is used in food under the E number E466 as a viscosity modifier or thickener, and to stabilize emulsions in various products including ice cream. It is also a constituent of many non-food products, such as toothpaste, laxatives, diet pills, water-based paints, detergents, textile sizing, and various paper products. It is used primarily because it has high viscosity, is nontoxic, and is generally considered to be hypoallergenic as the major source fiber is either softwood pulp or cotton linter.^[2]^[3] However, "non-toxic" does not imply that CMC is good for long-term health (see Health and Safety, below). CMC is used extensively in gluten free^[4] and reduced fat food products.^[5] In laundry detergents, it is used as a soil suspension polymer designed to deposit onto cotton and other cellulosic fabrics, creating a negatively charged barrier to soils in the wash solution. CMC is used as a lubricant in artificial tears.

Following the initial reaction, the resultant mixture produces about 60% CMC plus 40% salts (sodium chloride and sodium glycolate). This product is the so-called technical CMC which is used in detergents. A further purification process is used to remove these salts to produce the pure CMC used for food, pharmaceutical, and dentifrice (toothpaste) applications. An intermediate "semipurified" grade is also produced, typically used in paper applications such as restoration of archival documents.

CMC is also used in pharmaceuticals as a thickening agent, and in the oil-drilling industry as an ingredient of drilling mud, where it acts as a viscosity modifier and water retention agent.

Knitted fabric made of cellulose (eg cotton or viscose rayon) may be converted into CMC and used in various medical applications. 1 Device for epitaxis (nose bleeding). A pvc balloon is covered by CMC knitted fabric reinforced by nylon. The device is soaked in water to form a gel, this is inserted into the nose and the balloon inflated. The combination of the inflated balloon and the therapeutic effect of the cmc stops the bleeding. (see "Rapid Rhino") 2 Fabric used as a dressing following ENT surgical procedures. 3 Added water to form a gel. This gel is inserted into sinus cavity following surgery.

Insoluble microgranular CMC is used as a cation-exchange resin in ion-exchange chromatography for purification of proteins.^[6] Presumably, the level of derivatization is much lower, so the solubility properties of microgranular cellulose are retained, while adding sufficient negatively charged carboxylate groups to bind to positively charged proteins.

CMC is also used in ice packs to form a eutectic mixture resulting in a lower freezing point, and therefore more cooling capacity than ice.^[7]

Aqueous solutions of CMC have also been used to disperse carbon nanotubes. The long CMC molecules are thought to wrap around the nanotubes, allowing them to be dispersed in water. In conservation-restoration, it is used as an adhesive or fixative (commercial name Klucel).

CMC is used to achieve tartrate or cold stability in wine. This innovation may save megawatts of electricity used to chill wine in warm climates. It is more stable than metatartaric acid and is very effective in inhibiting tartrate precipitation. It is reported (Gerbaux 1996) that KHT crystals, in presence of CMC, grow slower and change their morphology. Their shape becomes flatter because they lose 2 of the 7 faces, changing their dimensions. CMC molecules, negatively charged at wine pH, interact with the electropositive surface of the crystals, where potassium ions are accumulated. The slower growth of the crystals and the modification of their shape are caused by the competition between CMC molecules and bitartrate ions for binding to the KHT crystals (Cracherau et al. 2001).

In veterinary medicine, CMC is used in abdominal surgeries in large animals, particularly horses, to prevent the formation of bowel adhesions.

Culinary uses

CMC powder is widely used in ice cream industry. It is used to make ice creams without churning mechanism or extreme low temperatures thereby eliminating the need of the conventional churners or salt ice mixes.^[8]CMC is used in bakery products like breads and cake preparation. The use of CMC gives loaf a much improved quality at a reduced cost to the baker economizing on the fat component. CMC is also used as an emulsifier in producing high quality biscuits. Due to CMC, fat disperses uniformly in the dough and hence CMC improves the release of the dough from the moulds and cutters to achieve well-shaped biscuits without any distorted edges. It can help to reduce consumption of egg yolk or fat used in making biscuits, thus achieving economy. Use of CMC in candy preparation ensures smooth dispersion in flavour oils, improves texture & quality. They are used in chewing gums, margarines and peanut butter as emulsifier.^[9]

Enzymology

CMC has also been used extensively to characterize enzyme activity from endoglucanases (part of the cellulase complex). CMC is a highly specific substrate for endo-acting cellulases, as its structure has been engineered to decrystallize cellulose and create amorphous sites that are ideal for endoglucanase action. CMC is desirable because the catalysis product (glucose) is easily measured using a reducing sugar assay, such as 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid. Using CMC in enzyme assays is especially important in regard to screening for cellulase enzymes that are needed for more efficient cellulosic ethanol conversion. However, CMC has also been misused in earlier work with cellulase enzymes, as many had associated whole cellulase activity with CMC hydrolysis. As the mechanism of cellulose depolymerization has become more understood, exocellulases are shown to be dominant in the degradation of crystalline (e.g. Avicel) and not soluble (e.g. CMC) cellulose.

Health and safety

A study published in March 2015 reported that, "in mice, relatively low concentrations of two commonly used emulsifiers, namely carboxymethylcellulose and polysorbate-80, induced low-grade inflammation and obesity/metabolic syndrome in wild-type hosts and promoted robust colitis in mice predisposed to this disorder."^[10]

References

^ "Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Cellulose gum)". Codex Alimentarius. 2009.
^ "CP Kelco Cellulose Gum / Carboxymethyl Cellulose".
^ "Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose - The Ideal Hydrocolloid for Bakery & Dough Products" (PDF).
^ "Evaluation of the Effect of Carboxy Methy l Cellulose on Sensory Properties of Gluten-Free Cake" (PDF).
^ Stanford, Dr John. "Food Processing Technologies for Reduction of Fat in Products" (PDF).
^ Cation exchange celluloses
^ Use in ice packs
^ (PDF) http://profdoc.um.ac.ir/articles/a/1022651.pdf. Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ http://www.tarladalal.com/glossary-cmc-1226i. Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ "Dietary emulsifiers impact the mouse gut microbiota promoting colitis and metabolic syndrome".

External links

CMC chemical structure and properties
MC and CMC: commercial preparations and various uses, including paper conservation; bibliography

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Extra carbohydrate binding module contributes to the processivity and catalytic activity of a non-modular hydrolase family 5 endoglucanase from Fomitiporia mediterranea MF3/22.

Pan R1, Hu Y1, Long L1, Wang J1, Ding S2.
Enzyme and microbial technology.Enzyme Microb Technol.2016 Sep;91:42-51. doi: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.06.001. Epub 2016 Jun 2.
FmEG from Fomitiporia mediterranea is a non-modular endoglucanase composed of a 24-amino acids extension and 13-amino acids linker-like peptide at the N-terminus and a 312-amino acids GH5 catalytic domain (CD) at the C-terminus. In this study, six FmEG derivatives with deletion of N-terminal fragmen
PMID 27444328

Biophysical and biochemical studies of a major endoglucanase secreted by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris.

Rosseto FR1, Manzine LR1, de Oliveira Neto M2, Polikarpov I3.
Enzyme and microbial technology.Enzyme Microb Technol.2016 Sep;91:1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.05.007. Epub 2016 May 21.
Endoglucanases are the main cellulolytic enzymes secreted by the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc). The major endoglucanase exported by this bacterium into an external milieu is an enzyme XccCel5A, which belongs to GH5 family subfamily 1 and is encoded by the gene engXCA. We puri
PMID 27444323

Drug release kinetics from carboxymethylcellulose-bacterial cellulose composite films.

Juncu G1, Stoica-Guzun A2, Stroescu M1, Isopencu G1, Jinga SI1.
International journal of pharmaceutics.Int J Pharm.2016 Aug 30;510(2):485-92. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.11.053. Epub 2015 Dec 11.
Composite films of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and bacterial cellulose (NaCMC-BC) cross-linked with citric acid (CA) were prepared by solution casting method. Ibuprofen sodium salt (IbuNa) has been used to study the mechanism of drug release from composite films. Surface morphology was investigat
PMID 26688041

Japanese Journal

「セルロースの実験と解析法」シリーズ(第25回)カルボキシメチルセルロースの調製方法

中村敏和,島本周
Cellulose communications 21(1), 38-40, 2014
NAID 40019997219

High Purity and Yield Separation of Semiconducting Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Dispersed in Aqueous Solutions with Density Gradient Ultracentrifugation Using Mixed Dispersants of Polysaccharides and Surfactants

Tsuchiya Koji,Uchida Katsumi,Kaminosono Yoshiya [他],Shimizu Kazushi,Ishii Tadahiro,Yajima Hirofumi
Jpn J Appl Phys 52(3), 035102-035102-5, 2013-03-25
… In the present study, we demonstrate the development of a new selective-separation procedure for collecting semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (s-SWNTs) with a high purity from as-synthesized SWNTs individually dispersed with mixed dispersing agents consisting of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in water using density gradient ultracentrifugation (DGU). …
NAID 40019616958

Diffusion-controlled Detection of Glucose with Microelectrodes in Mediated Bioelectrocatalytic Oxidation

NODA Tatsuo,WANIBUCHI Mizue,KITAZUMI Yuki [他],TSUJIMURA Seiya,SHIRAI Osamu,YAMAMOTO Masahiro,KANO Kenji
Analytical Sciences 29(3), 279-281, 2013-03
… The addition of carboxymethylcellulose increased the linear range up to 10 mM. …
NAID 120005244406

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リンク元	「CMC」「カルボキシメチルセルロース」「CM-cellulose」「croscarmellose sodium」

「CMC」

Carboxymethyl cellulose
Names
	Other names Carboxymethylcellulose; carmellose; E466
Identifiers
CAS Registry Number	9000-11-7
ChEBI	CHEBI:85146
ChEMBL	ChEMBL1909054
ChemSpider
Properties
Chemical formula	variable
Molar mass	variable
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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	Infobox references