関: carboxymethylcellulose

WordNet

a silvery soft waxy metallic element of the alkali metal group; occurs abundantly in natural compounds (especially in salt water); burns with a yellow flame and reacts violently in water; occurs in sea water and in the mineral halite (rock salt) (同)Na, atomic number 11

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ソジウム,ナトリウム(金属元素;化学記号はNa)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/09/28 11:19:44」(JST)

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Croscarmellose sodium is an internally cross-linked sodium carboxymethylcellulose for use as a superdisintegrant in pharmaceutical formulations.^[1]

E468 is the E number of crosslinked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, used in food as an emulsifier.

Background

The cross-linking reduces water solubility while still allowing the material to swell (like a sponge) and absorb many times its weight in water. As a result, it provides superior drug dissolution and disintegration characteristics, thus improving formulas′ subsequent bioavailability by bringing the active ingredients into better contact with bodily fluids.

Croscarmellose sodium also resolves formulators′ concerns over long-term functional stability, reduced effectiveness at high tablet hardness levels, and similar problems associated with other products developed to enhance drug dissolution. Croscarmellose sodium is a very commonly used^[2] pharmaceutical additive approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Its purpose in most tablets – including dietary supplements – is to assist the tablet in disintegrating in the intestinal tract at the required location. If a tablet disintegrating agent is not included, the tablet could disintegrate too slowly, in the wrong part of the intestine or not at all, thereby reducing the efficacy and bioavailability of the active ingredients.

Croscarmellose is made by first soaking crude cellulose in sodium hydroxide, and then reacting the cellulose with sodium monochloroacetate to form sodium carboxymethylcellulose. Excess sodium monochloroacetate slowly hydrolyzes to glycolic acid and the glycolic acid catalyzes the cross-linkage to form croscarmellose sodium.^[1] Chemically, croscarmellose sodium is the sodium salt of a cross-linked, partly O-(carboxymethylated) cellulose.

Croscarmellose sodium was first used as a stabilizer in horse supplements.^{[citation needed]}

References

^ ^a ^b Swarbrick, James; James C. Boylan (1990). Encyclopedia of pharmaceutical technology. pp. 2623–2624. ISBN 978-0-8247-2824-3.
^ "Inactive Ingredients in FDA Approved Drugs". Accessdata.fda.gov. Retrieved 2013-04-27.

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English Journal

Application of a hot-melt granulation process to enhance fenofibrate solid dose manufacturing.

Chaudhary RS1, Amankwaa E1, Kumar S1, Hu T1, Chan M1, Sanghvi P1.
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Evaluation of hot-melt granulation of fenofibrate and croscarmellose sodium and its cooling time for the molten mass in a ratio of 55:45 was conducted to assess the manufacturing process capability to produce an acceptable granulation which flows well on Korsch PH300 tablet compression machine. The
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Elaboration of microparticles of carotenoids from natural and synthetic sources for applications in food.

Rutz JK1, Borges CD2, Zambiazi RC2, da Rosa CG3, da Silva MM4.
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Carotenoids are susceptible to isomerization and oxidation upon exposure to oxygen, light and heat, which can result in loss of color, antioxidant activity, and vitamin activity. Microencapsulation helps retain carotenoid stability and promotes their release under specific conditions. Thus, the aim
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Paper-based analytical device for sampling, on-site preconcentration and detection of ppb lead in water.

Satarpai T1, Shiowatana J1, Siripinyanond A2.
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A simple and cost effectiveness procedure based on a paper based analytical device (PAD) for sampling, on-site preconcentration and determination of Pb(II) in water samples was developed. The inkjet printing method was used for patterning of PAD. Colorimetric assay was developed on a PAD for Pb(II)
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