WordNet

a silvery soft waxy metallic element of the alkali metal group; occurs abundantly in natural compounds (especially in salt water); burns with a yellow flame and reacts violently in water; occurs in sea water and in the mineral halite (rock salt) (同)Na, atomic number 11
a salt of sulphonic acid

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ソジウム,ナトリウム(金属元素;化学記号はNa)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/04/23 13:27:13」(JST)

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Carbazochrome is an antihemorrhagic, or hemostatic, agent that will cease blood flow by causing the aggregation and adhesion of platelets in the blood to form a platelet plug, ceasing blood flow from an open wound. It is hoped that this drug can be used in the future for preventing excessive blood flow during surgical operations and the treatment of hemorrhoids, but research on its effectiveness and the severity of possible side effects remains to be fairly inconclusive.

With troxerutin, it has been investigated for use in the treatment of hemorrhoids.^[1]^[2]

Indications

Capillary and parenchymal hemorrhage (trauma, tonsillectomy, during surgery), intestinal bleeding, thrombocytopenic purpura.

Mechanism of action

Carbazochrome, the semicarbazone of adrenochrome, that interacts with α-adrenoreceptors on surface of platelets, which are coupled to Gq protein and initiate PLC IP3/DAG pathway to increase intracellular free calcium concentration with these subsequent actions:

Activates PLA2 and induce arachidonic acid pathway to synthese endoperoxides (TxA2, thromboxane A2)
Calcium binds to calmodulin which then binds and activates myosin light-chain kinase, that will enable the myosin crossbridge to bind to the actin filament and allow contraction to begin. This will change platelet’s shape and induce release of serotonin, ADP, vWF (Von Willebrand factor), PAF (Platelet-activating factor) to promote further aggregation and adhesion.

Vector

Because of its poor solubility in water it must be first thoroughly dissolved in alcohol, melted fat (butter), or vegetable oil (to aid in absorption) and then ingested.^[3]

References

^ Basile M, Gidaro S, Pacella M, Biffignandi PM, Gidaro GS (2001). "Parenteral troxerutin and carbazochrome combination in the treatment of post-hemorrhoidectomy status: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase IV study". Curr Med Res Opin 17 (4): 256–61. PMID 11922398.
^ Squadrito F, Altavilla D, Oliaro Bosso S (2000). "Double-blind, randomized clinical trial of troxerutin-carbazochrome in patients with hemorrhoids". Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 4 (1-2): 21–4. PMID 11409185.
^ Gottlieb, Adam; Legal Highs: A Concise Encyclopedia of Legal Herbs and Chemicals with Psychoactive Properties (1973) 20th Century Alchemist

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1. 成人における高カリウム血症の治療および予防 treatment and prevention of hyperkalemia in adults
2. 急性腎障害（急性腎不全）におけるナトリウム（FENa）、尿素（FEUrea）、およびその他分子の排泄率 fractional excretion of sodium urea and other molecules in acute kidney injury acute renal failure
3. 腎集合管ナトリウムチャンネルの遺伝的障害：リドル症候群および偽性低アルドステロン症1型 genetic disorders of the collecting tubule sodium channel liddles syndrome and pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1
4. 小児における高カリウム血症のマネージメント management of hyperkalemia in children
5. バーター症候群およびギテルマン症候群 bartter and gitelman syndromes

English Journal

Risk of Deep Venous Thrombosis in Drain Clamping With Tranexamic Acid and Carbazochrome Sodium Sulfonate Hydrate in Total Knee Arthroplasty.

Onodera T, Majima T, Sawaguchi N, Kasahara Y, Ishigaki T, Minami A.SourceDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
The Journal of arthroplasty.J Arthroplasty.2011 Mar 22. [Epub ahead of print]
The aim of this randomized prospective study was to clarify risks associated with a drain-clamping method using tranexamic acid and carbazochrome sodium sulfonate hydrate after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Subjects comprised 100 patients scheduled to undergo TKA, randomized into 2 groups: 50 patie
PMID 21435821

Hydralazine modifies Aβ fibril formation and prevents modification by lipids in vitro.

Maheshwari M, Roberts JK, Desutter B, Duong KT, Tingling J, Fawver JN, Schall HE, Kahle M, Murray IV.SourceDepartment of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 142E Reynolds Medical Building, College Station, Texas 77843-1114, United States.
Biochemistry.Biochemistry.2010 Dec 14;49(49):10371-80. Epub 2010 Nov 17.
Lipid oxidative damage and amyloid β (Aβ) misfolding contribute to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. Thus, the prevention of oxidative damage and Aβ misfolding are attractive targets for drug discovery. At present, no AD drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) prevent or halt d
PMID 21058733

Japanese Journal

ダブルバルーン式内視鏡にて慢性消化管出血の診断に成功した維持血液透析患者の1例

岸誠司,西岡敬祐,荒木真,荒岡利和,松村毅,河南智晴,斎田宏,竹岡浩也
日本透析医学会雑誌 = Journal of Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy 40(8), 669-674, 2007-08-28
症例は71歳, 女性. 糖尿病性腎症に由来する慢性腎不全のため, 2002年7月5日に血液透析導入となった. 入院時下血およびHb 4.2g/dLを認め, 上部消化管内視鏡検査および大腸内視鏡検査を施行するも出血源を同定できず. 以後も2002年10月, 2004年3月, 11月, 12月と同様の症状にて入院となり, 上部および大腸内視鏡検査, X線造影検査, およびシンチグラフィにて精査するも出 …
NAID 10019966594

四味膠艾湯加味が奏効した絨毛膜下血腫の一症例

関矢信康,喜多敏明,小暮敏明,柴原直利,嶋田豊,寺澤捷年
日本東洋醫學雜誌 52(3), 341-345, 2001-11-20
NAID 110004002045

「カルバゾクロム」

Carbazochrome
Systematic (IUPAC) name
	[(3-Hydroxy-1-methyl-6-oxo-2,3-dihydroindol-5-ylidene)amino]urea
Clinical data
Trade names	Toxivenol
AHFS/Drugs.com	International Drug Names
Pregnancy cat.	?
Legal status	?
Routes	P/O, I/M
Identifiers
CAS number	69-81-8
ATC code	B02BX02
PubChem	CID 5360410
ChemSpider	4514501
UNII	81F061RQS4
Chemical data
Formula	C10H12N4O3
Mol. mass	236.23 g/mol
	SMILES O=C(N)N/N=C1/C=C2\C(=C/C1=O)N(CC2O)C;
	InChI InChI=1S/C10H12N4O3/c1-14-4-9(16)5-2-6(12-13-10(11)17)8(15)3-7(5)14/h2-3,9,16H,4H2,1H3,(H3,11,13,17)/b12-6-; Key:XSXCZNVKFKNLPR-SDQBBNPISA-N ;
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