WordNet

enclose in a capsule (同)capsulate, capsulize, capsulise
a dry dehiscent seed vessel or the spore-containing structure of e.g. mosses
a pill in the form of a small rounded gelatinous container with medicine inside
a small container
a structure that encloses a body part
visual examination of the interior of a hollow body organ by use of an endoscope

PrepTutorEJDIC

小容器;(薬の)カプセル / (植物の)さく / (生物体の)被のう,被膜 / (宇宙ロケットの)カプセル / 小型の;簡約した

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/02/28 01:12:16」(JST)

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Endoscopic capsule end-on, showing six LEDs and camera lens.

Image of the intestines acquired by capsule endoscopy

Image of the colon acquired by capsule endoscopy

Capsule endoscopy is a way to record images of the digestive tract for use in medicine. The capsule is the size and shape of a pill and contains a tiny camera. After a patient swallows the capsule, it takes pictures of the inside of the gastrointestinal tract. The primary use of capsule endoscopy is to examine areas of the small intestine that cannot be seen by other types of endoscopy such as colonoscopy or esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD).

Medical uses

Capsule endoscopy is used to examine parts of the gastrointestinal tract that cannot be seen with other types of endoscopy. Upper endoscopy, also called EGD, uses a camera attached to a long flexible tube to view the esophagus, the stomach and the beginning of the first part of the small intestine called the duodenum. A colonoscope, inserted through the rectum,can view the colon and the distal portion of the small intestine, the terminal ileum. These two types of endoscopy cannot visualize the majority of the middle portion of the gastrointestinal tract, the small intestine. Capsule endoscopy is useful when disease is suspected in the small intestine, and can sometimes diagnose sources of occult bleeding [blood visible microscopically only] or causes of abdominal pain such as Crohn's disease, or peptic ulcers. Capsule endoscopy can be used to diagnose problems in the small intestine, but unlike EGD or colonoscopy it cannot treat pathology that may be discovered. Capsule endoscopy transfers the captured images wirelessly to an external receiver worn by the patient using one of appropriate frequency bands. The collected images are then transferred to a computer for diagnosis, review and display.^[1] A transmitted radio-frequency signal can be used to accurately estimate the location of the capsule and to track it in real time inside the body and gastrointestinal tract.^[2]

Common reasons for doing Capsule Endoscopy include unexplained bleeding, unexplained iron deficiency, unexplained abdominal pain, search for polyps, ulcers and tumors of small intestine and inflammatory bowel disease such as Crohn's disease.^[3]

Current attempts in the area of wireless capsule endoscopy are targeting to include additional sensing mechanisms, localization,and motion control enabling new applications, e.g drug delivery. Wireless energy transmission is also investigated for wireless capsule systems to provide a continuous energy source.^[4]

It is unclear if capsule endoscopy can replace gastroscopy in those with cirrhosis.^[5]

Side effects

It is considered to be a very safe method to determine an unknown cause of a gastrointestinal bleed.^[6] The capsule usually passes through feces within 24–48 hours.^[6] There has been a report of retention of the capsule for almost 5 years. The patient was asymptomatic.^[6]

References

^ M. R. Yuce and T. Dissanayake (2012). "Easy-to-swallow wireless telemetry". IEEE Microwave Magazine. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
^ M. Pourhomayoun, M. L. Fowler and Z. Jin (2012). "A Novel Method for Medical Implant In-Body Localization" (PDF). Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference of Engineering in Medicine and Biology. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
^ http://www.laintegrativegi.com/technical-services.html#Capsule-Endoscopy
^ M. R. Yuce, G. Alici and T.D. Than (2014). "Wireless Endoscopy". Wiley Encyclopedia of Electrical and Electronics Engineering. Retrieved December 2014.
^ Colli, A; Gana, JC; Turner, D; Yap, J; Adams-Webber, T; Ling, SC; Casazza, G (Oct 1, 2014). "Capsule endoscopy for the diagnosis of oesophageal varices in people with chronic liver disease or portal vein thrombosis.". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 10: CD008760. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008760.pub2. PMID 25271409.
^ ^a ^b ^c http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3711067/

UpToDate Contents

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1. ワイヤレスカプセル内視鏡検査 wireless video capsule endoscopy
2. 原因不明の消化管出血の評価 evaluation of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding
3. 小腸腫瘍の診断および病期分類 diagnosis and staging of small bowel neoplasms
4. 大腸癌のスクリーニングのための検査：便検査、放射線検査および内視鏡検査 tests for screening for colorectal cancer stool tests radiologic imaging and endoscopy
5. 潜在性消化管出血の評価 evaluation of occult gastrointestinal bleeding

English Journal

Should bowel preparation, antifoaming agents, or prokinetics be used before video capsule endoscopy? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Kotwal VS, Attar BM, Gupta S, Agarwal R.Author information aDivision of Gastroenterology bDepartment of Medicine, John H. Stroger Jr Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, Illinois, USA.AbstractOBJECTIVES: The ideal bowel preparation regime before small bowel video capsule endoscopy (VCE) is not known. We carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis to study the effect of purgatives, antifoaming agents, and prokinetics on the outcomes associated with VCE.
European journal of gastroenterology & hepatology.Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol.2014 Feb;26(2):137-45. doi: 10.1097/MEG.0b013e328365b9d4.
OBJECTIVES: The ideal bowel preparation regime before small bowel video capsule endoscopy (VCE) is not known. We carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis to study the effect of purgatives, antifoaming agents, and prokinetics on the outcomes associated with VCE.MATERIALS AND METHODS: We perf
PMID 24220156

In vivo imaging of intestinal helminths by capsule endoscopy.

Soga K, Handa O, Yamada M, Sakagami J, Yagi N, Naito Y, Yoshikawa T, Itoh Y, Arizono N.Author information Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology, Nishijin Hospital, Kyoto 602-8319, Japan. Electronic address: sogatti@koto.kpu-m.ac.jp.AbstractThis review examines the use of digestive endoscopy to visualize intestinal helminths. The infections caused by these parasites are responsible for high levels of morbidity and mortality. These helminths can be visualized using gastroduodenal endoscopy, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, and colonoscopy. Endoscopic examination of the small bowel is limited by its considerable length and its distance from the mouth and anus. Since capsule endoscopy (CE) was first reported in 2000, it has been established as a noninvasive modality for the investigation of the gastrointestinal tract. CE is used as a first-line tool for imaging various small-bowel diseases, mainly obscure gastrointestinal bleeding and Crohn's disease. Since the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved CE in 2001, the indications for its use have expanded widely. For example, CE can be used to visualize the in vivo kinetics of intestinal helminths. If the current trends in technological development continue, CE will become more widely used to facilitate the diagnosis and treatment of helminth infections in the near future.
Parasitology international.Parasitol Int.2014 Feb;63(1):221-8. doi: 10.1016/j.parint.2013.09.006. Epub 2013 Sep 17.
This review examines the use of digestive endoscopy to visualize intestinal helminths. The infections caused by these parasites are responsible for high levels of morbidity and mortality. These helminths can be visualized using gastroduodenal endoscopy, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
PMID 24050882

Japanese Journal

カプセル内視鏡の実臨床への応用 (特集炎症性腸疾患 : 病態研究から標的治療への展開) -- (診療に必要な知識)

最新医学 70(2), 244-249, 2015-02
NAID 40020350865

症例報告周期性血小板減少症に薬剤関連性小腸粘膜障害を合併した1例

山口医学 = Yamaguchi medical journal 64(1), 41-45, 2015-02
NAID 120005601215

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