癌細胞、ガン細胞、がん細胞

WordNet

small room in which a monk or nun lives (同)cubicle
a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction (同)electric cell
a room where a prisoner is kept (同)jail cell, prison cell
(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
any small compartment; "the cells of a honeycomb"
a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement (同)cadre
type genus of the family Cancridae (同)genus Cancer
the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 (同)Cancer the Crab, Crab
(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer (同)Crab
a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream (同)malignant neoplastic disease

PrepTutorEJDIC

(刑務所の)『独房』;(修道院の)小さい独居室 / (ミツバチの)みつ房,巣穴 / 小さい部屋 / 『細胞』 / 電池 / 花粉室 / (共産党などの)細胞
〈U〉〈C〉『がん』 / 〈U〉〈C〉害悪 / 《Cancer》(星座の)カニ座

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/11/09 14:54:41」(JST)

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Scanning electron microscopy image of a lymphocyte

A diagram illustrating the distinction between cancer stem cell targeted and conventional cancer therapies

Cancer cells are cells that grow and divide at an unregulated, quick pace. Although cancer cells can be quite common in a person, they are only malignant when the other cells (particularly natural killer cells) fail to recognize and/or destroy them.^[1]^{[not in citation given]} In the past a common belief was that cancer cells failed to be recognized and destroyed because of a weakness in the immune system. However more recent research has shown that the failure to recognize cancer cells is caused by the lack of particular co-stimulated molecules that aid in the way antigens react with lymphocytes.^[2]

Causes

By researching stem cells scientists have suggested that too much SP2 protein may turn stem cells into cancer cells.^[3] Other issues thought to play a role in the spread of cancer include viruses, immune system issues, genetics, environment and age.^[4] However, a lack of particular co-stimulated molecules that aid in the way antigens react with lymphocytes can impair the natural killer cells ability and ultimately cause cancer.^[2]

All cancers begin in cells, the body's basic unit of life. To understand cancer, it's helpful to know what happens when normal cells become cancer cells.

The body is made up of many types of cells. These cells grow and are controlled to produce more cells as they are needed to keep the body healthy. When cells become old or damaged, they die and are replaced with new cells.

Sometimes this process of controlled production of cells goes wrong. The genetic material (DNA) of a cell start producing mutations that affect normal cell growth and division by being damaged. When this happens, sometimes these cells do not die but form a mass of tissue called a tumor. Said mutations accumulate, being another reason that cancer is found more often in older people.

Pathology

White Blood cells are thought to use a dual receptor system when they determine whether or not to kill human cells. If a cell is under stress, turning into tumors, or infected, molecules including MIC-A and MIC-B are produced to put on the surface of the cell.^[1] These work to detect and kill cancer cells.^[5]

Discovery

Some descriptions of cancer, not all descriptions, go back to ancient Egypt as far back as 1600 BCE and the understanding of cancer was significantly advanced during the Renaissance period. However, Sir Rudolf Virchow, a German biologist and politician, is generally credited with discovering the first cancer cells. As Giovanni Morgagni had linked autopsy findings seen with the unaided eye with the clinical course of illness, so Virchow correlated microscopic pathology.^[6]

Telomerase

Cancer cells have unique features that make them "immortal" according to some researchers. The enzyme telomerase is used to extend the cancer cell's life span. While the telomeres of most cells shortens after each division eventually causing the cell to die, telomerase extends the cell's telomeres. This is a major reason that cancer cells can accumulate over time creating tumors.

Cancer stem cells and drug resistance

Scientists have discovered a molecule on the surface of tumors that appears to promote drug resistance—by converting the tumor cells back into a stem cell-like state. When the tumor cells began to exhibit drug resistance, the cells were simultaneously transforming into a stem cell-like state, which made them impervious to the drugs. It appeared that the treatment itself was driving this transformation by activating a specific molecular pathway. Luckily, several existing drugs can attack this pathway and reverse the cellular transformation, thus ‘re-sensitizing’ the tumor to treatment.^[7]^[8]^[9]

References

^ ^a ^b "The Innate Immune System: NK Cells". Community College of Baltimore County. Archived from the original on 2010-07-27. Retrieved 2010-12-01.
^ ^a ^b Creating Cancer Killers. Research.uky.edu. Retrieved on 2010-12-01.
^ Too much SP2 protein turns stem cells into 'evil twin' cancer cells. Sciencedaily.com (2010-10-27). Retrieved on 2010-12-01.
^ What causes cancer? : Cancer Research UK : CancerHelp UK. Cancerhelp.org.uk (2010-07-15). Retrieved on 2010-12-01.
^ The Adaptive Immune System: Ways That Antibodies Help to Defend the Body - Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC). Student.ccbcmd.edu. Retrieved on 2010-12-01.
^ History of cancer
^ Cancer stem cells linked to drug resistance
^ Tumor Cells Become Drug Resistant by Reverting to a Stem Cell-Like State
^ Laetitia Seguin, Shumei Kato, Aleksandra Franovic, et al., & David A. Cheresh (2014). An integrin β3–KRAS–RalB complex drives tumour stemness and resistance to EGFR inhibition. Nature Cell Biology doi:10.1038/ncb2953

External links

BCG strain S4-Jena: An early BCG strain is capable to reduce the proliferation of bladder cancer cells by induction of apoptosis. Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved on 2010-12-01.
The History of Cancer. Cancer.org. Retrieved on 2010-12-01

UpToDate Contents

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1. 癌免疫療法の原則 principles of cancer immunotherapy
2. Overview of approach to lung cancer survivors
3. 腎細胞癌治療の概要 overview of the treatment of renal cell carcinoma
4. 原発不明癌の分類およびマネージメントの概要 overview of the classification and management of cancers of unknown primary site
5. 肺外原発小細胞癌 extrapulmonary small cell cancer

English Journal

Raman and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy studies of changes in lipid content and composition in hormone-treated breast and prostate cancer cells.

Potcoava MC1, Futia GL1, Aughenbaugh J1, Schlaepfer IR2, Gibson EA1.
Journal of biomedical optics.J Biomed Opt.2014 Nov 1;19(11):111605. doi: 10.1117/1.JBO.19.11.111605.
ABSTRACT. Increasing interest in the role of lipids in cancer cell proliferation and resistance to drug therapies has motivated the need to develop better tools for cellular lipid analysis. Quantification of lipids in cells is typically done by destructive chromatography protocols that do not provid
PMID 24933682

In vitro cytotoxicity and bioavailability of solid lipid nanoparticles containing tamoxifen citrate.

Hashem FM1, Nasr M, Khairy A.
Pharmaceutical development and technology.Pharm Dev Technol.2014 Nov;19(7):824-32. doi: 10.3109/10837450.2013.836218. Epub 2013 Sep 13.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) loaded with the poorly water-soluble drug tamoxifen citrate (TC) on the in vitro antitumor activity and bioavailability of the drug. TC-loaded SLN were prepared by solvent injection method using glycerol mon
PMID 24032414

Label-free and high-sensitive detection of human breast cancer cells by aptamer-based leaky surface acoustic wave biosensor array.

Chang K1, Pi Y2, Lu W1, Wang F1, Pan F1, Li F1, Jia S1, Shi J3, Deng S4, Chen M5.
Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2014 Oct 15;60:318-24. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.04.027. Epub 2014 Apr 30.
A label-free and high-sensitive sensing technology for tumor cell recognition and detection was developed based on a novel 2×3 model of leaky surface acoustic wave (LSAW) aptasensor array. In this methodology, every resonator crystal unit of the LSAW aptasensor array had an individual oscillator ci
PMID 24836014

Japanese Journal

乳癌術後に高カルシウム血症を契機に発見された悪性リンパ腫の１例

吉田崇,木村盛彦,後藤與四成,堀口淳,竹吉泉,Yoshida Takashi,Kimura Morihiko,Goto Yoshinari,Horiguchi Jun,Takeyoshi Izumi
The Kitakanto medical journal = 北関東医学 64(2), 159-163, 2014-05-01
… By cervical lymph node biopsy, the diagnosis was a CD5-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. …
NAID 120005429869

第79回東京女子医科大学学会総会シンポジウム「放射線治療の最近の進歩」(3)肺癌の放射線治療

中山優子
東京女子医科大学雑誌 84(2), 75-79, 2014-04-25
肺癌に対する放射線治療で局所制御が得られるかどうかは、腫瘍組織の放射線感受性と正常組織とくに肺障害とのバランスの上に成り立っている.近年、放射線治療の物理的進歩により、正常組織への照射線量を可及的に低くし腫瘍へ高線量照射することが可能になった.また、画像を利用して高精度に放射線治療を行う画像誘導放射線治療や呼吸性移動に対して同期照射法や追尾照射法などの新しい技術が開発された.これらの新しい技術を用 …
NAID 110009770443

Usefulness of Ultraviolet-Microscopic Spectroscopy on Unstained Cells by Liquid-Based Cytology for Objective Differentiation between Non-Cancer from Cancer Cells

Yoshioka Haruhiko,Hoshiai Keita,Nakamura Toshiya,Sato Tatsusuke,Washiya Kiyotada,Watanabe Jun
弘前医学 65(1), 82-94, 2014-04-15
… Object: To investigate the usefulness of ultraviolet-microscopic spectroscopy （UV-MS） of unstained cells by liquid-based cytology （LBC） to objectively differentiate non-cancer from cancer cells. … Study Design: Cultured cells were used as the sample cells: 100 non-cancer cells and 200 cancer cells. …
NAID 120005429845

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「癌細胞」「がん細胞」「ガン細胞」
拡張検索	「embryonal cancer cell」「breast cancer cell line」「ovarian cancer cell」「liver cancer cell」
関連記事	「cancer」「cell」