campy

　

WordNet

1. (of a plant ovule) curved with the micropyle near the base almost touching its stalk
2. a curved ovule with the micropyle almost touching the funiculus
3. give an artificially banal or sexual quality to
4. temporary living quarters specially built by the army for soldiers; "wherever he went in the camp the men were grumbling" (同)encampment, cantonment, bivouac
5. shelter for persons displaced by war or political oppression or for religious beliefs (同)refugee camp
6. a site where care and activities are provided for children during the summer months; "city kids get to see the country at a summer camp" (同)summer camp
7. a penal institution (often for forced labor); "China has many camps for political prisoners"
8. temporary lodgings in the country for travelers or vacationers; "level ground is best for parking and camp areas"
9. a group of people living together in a camp; "the whole camp laughed at his mistake"
10. something that is considered amusing not because of its originality but because of its unoriginality; "the living room was pure camp"
11. establish or set up a camp (同)camp down
12. providing sophisticated amusement by virtue of having artificially (and vulgarly) mannered or banal or sentimental qualities; "they played up the silliness of their roles for camp effect"; "campy Hollywood musicals of the 1940s" (同)campy
13. live in or as if in a tent; "Can we go camping again this summer?"; "The circus tented near the town"; "The houseguests had to camp in the living room" (同)encamp, camp out, bivouac, tent
14. a rotating disk shaped to convert circular into linear motion
15. the act of encamping and living in tents in a camp (同)encampment, bivouacking, tenting

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 風変わりな,気取った,芝居がかった
2. 〈C〉(軍隊・登山隊・探検隊などの)『野営地』 / 〈C〉〈U〉野営のテント,仮設小屋 / 〈U〉野営,キャンプ[生活];軍隊生活 / 〈C〉夏季キャンプ場,サマーキャンプ / 《集合的に》野営する人たち,キャンプする人たち / 〈C〉(主義・信条などを同じくする)同志たち,同じ陣営;同じ立場 / 『野営する』,キャンプ生活を送る《+『out』》
3. =homosexual / (男性が)女々しい / すたれた,古めかしい
4. カム,歪(わい)輪(機械の回転運動を水平・上下などの運動に変える)
5. 野営,キャンプ

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/11/10 16:49:30」(JST)

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"Campy" redirects here. For other uses, see Campy (disambiguation).

Singer, actress and comedian Bette Midler is known for her camp stage shows and film characters.

Camp is an aesthetic sensibility that regards something as appealing or humorous because of its ridiculousness to the viewer. Camp aesthetics disrupt many modernists’ notions of what art is and what can be classified as high art by inverting aesthetic attributes such as beauty, value and taste through an invitation of a different kind of apprehension and consumption 1. Camp can also be a social practice. For many it is considered a style and performance identity for several types of entertainment including but not limited to film, cabaret and pantomime. Where high art necessarily incorporates beauty and value, camp necessarily needs to be lively, audacious and dynamic. “Camp aesthetics delights in impertinence.” Camp opposes satisfaction and seeks to challenge The concept is related to kitsch, and things with camp appeal may also be described as being "cheesy". When the usage appeared, in 1909, it denoted: ostentatious, exaggerated, affected, theatrical, and effeminate behaviour, and, by the middle of the 1970s, the definition comprised: banality, artifice, mediocrity, and ostentation so extreme as to have perversely sophisticated appeal. American writer Susan Sontag's essay Notes on "Camp" (1964) emphasised its key elements as: artifice, frivolity, naïve middle-class pretentiousness, and ‘shocking’ excess. Camp as an aesthetic has been popular from the 1960s to the present.

Camp aesthetics were popularised by filmmakers George and Mike Kuchar, Andy Warhol, and John Waters, including the latter's Pink Flamingos, Hairspray and Polyester. Celebrities that are associated with camp personas include drag queens and performers such as Dame Edna Everage, Divine, RuPaul, and Liberace. Camp was a part of the anti-academic defense of popular culture in the 1960s and gained popularity in the 1980s with the widespread adoption of postmodern views on art and culture.

Origins and development

Camp derives from the French slang term se camper, meaning "to pose in an exaggerated fashion".^{[citation needed]} The OED gives 1909 as the first print citation of camp as

ostentatious, exaggerated, affected, theatrical; effeminate or homosexual; pertaining to, characteristic of, homosexuals. So as a noun, ‘camp’ behaviour, mannerisms, et cetera. (cf. quot. 1909); a man exhibiting such behaviour.

Per the Oxford English Dictionary, this sense is "etymologically obscure".

Later, it evolved into a general description of the aesthetic choices and behaviour of working-class homosexual men. Finally, it was made mainstream, and adjectivised, by Susan Sontag in her landmark essay (see below).

Carmen Miranda in the trailer for The Gang's All Here (1943)

The rise of post-modernism made 'camp' a common perspective on aesthetics, which was not identified with any specific group. The attitude originally was a distinctive factor in pre-Stonewall gay male communities, where it was the dominant cultural pattern. It originated from the acceptance of gayness as effeminacy. Two key components of camp were originally feminine performances: swish and drag. With swish featuring extensive use of superlatives, and drag being exaggerated female impersonation, camp became extended to all things "over the top", including female female impersonators, as in the exaggerated Hollywood version of Carmen Miranda. It was this version of the concept that was adopted by literary and art critics and became a part of the conceptual array of 1960s culture. Moe Meyer still defines camp as "queer parody".^{[citation needed]}

Contemporary culture

Television

Television shows such as The Munsters, The Addams Family, CHiPs, The Wild Wild West, Star Trek, Batman, The Avengers, Charlie's Angels, Get Smart, Lost in Space, Gilligan's Island and Fantasy Island are enjoyed into the 21st century for what are now interpreted as their "camp" aspects. Much of the cult following of camp today grew rapidly during the transition from black and white to color television in the early 1960s. Network programming during that time was seeking entertainment content that would display the new medium with the use of bright colors and high stylization. Some of these shows were developed 'tongue-in-cheek' by their producers. TV soap operas, especially those that air in primetime, are often considered camp. Even the villains of shows as divergent as Batman and The Mod Squad were costumed as to take advantage of new colors and changing fashion styles, in ways that took advantage of camp. The over-the-top excess of Dynasty and Dallas were popular in the 1980s.

Mentos television commercials during the 1990s developed a cult following due to their camp "Eurotrash" humour.

The ESPN Classic show Cheap Seats features two Generation-X, real-life brothers making humorous observations while watching televised camp sporting events, which had often been featured on ABC's Wide World of Sports during the 1970s. Examples include a 1970s sport that attempted to combine ballet with skiing (ski ballet), the Harlem Globetrotters holding a televised exhibition game at the notorious Attica State Prison in upstate New York, small-time regional professional wrestling, and roller derby.

The ABC Afterschool Specials, which tackled topics such as drug use and teen sex, are an example of camp educational films; in turn, the Comedy Central television show Strangers with Candy, starring comedienne Amy Sedaris, was a camp spoof of the genre.

In a Monty Python sketch (Episode 22, "Camp Square-Bashing", repeated in their 1971 film And Now for Something Completely Different), the British Army's 2nd Armoured Division has a Military "Swanning About" Precision Drill unit in which soldiers "camp it up" in unison.

In the British sitcom The Office, one of Tim Canterbury's pranks on Gareth Keenan includes a pun on the meaning of the word camp.

The concept of the comicbook superhero (an individual in a highly stylised, outlandish and possibly impractical costume avenging otherwise serious matters such as murder) could be interpreted as camp. However, since it was aimed initially at children, it is camp only in an abstract sense. It was not until the 1960s television version of Batman (one of the more famous examples of camp in pop culture) that the link was made explicit, with the inherent ridiculousness of the concept exposed as a vehicle for comedy. Ironically, even Batman fell victim to contemporaneous parodies, with the release of Captain Nice and Mr. Terrific, which layered extra camp onto the overladen superhero concept. The stylized content of Batman may have possibly jump-started television campiness, to circumvent the strict censorship of comics at this time (after Dr. Fredric Wertham's essay Seduction of the Innocent which led to the comics' industry-sponsored Comics Code), as the Batman comic books were very dark and Noirish until the 1950s and from the 1970s onwards.

The Channel 4 series Eurotrash was a television programme produced using the inherent ridiculousness of its subject matter for comedic effect, often using camp dubbing in regional accents and overexaggerated stereotypical characterisations (such as an aristocratic artist based on Brian Sewell) to puncture the interviewees' pretence of seriousness. However, an obituary to Lolo Ferrari was given straight dubbing as a mark of respect at odds with its irreverence. However, the subject matter would have offended many British viewers and fallen foul of OFCOM if it was done with any seriousness. Again, this is an example of doing a programme in a camp manner to get around the likelihood of censorship.

The television series Tim & Eric Awesome Show, Great Job! is a current example of camp, using inspiration from Public-access television productions, early morning infomercials, and the use of celebrity status in telethons and other televised charity appeals.

David Lynch and Mark Frost's Twin Peaks TV series often used exaggerated characters and situations, as a way of purposely conveying a camp atmosphere.

In the Season 8 episode 'Homer's Phobia' of American animated comedy series The Simpsons, gay secondary character John (played by gay director John Waters) defines to Homer Simpson the meaning of the word 'camp' to be tragically ludicrous, or ludicrously tragic: Homer gives a misinterpreted example of 'camp' as 'when a clown dies'.

Film

Movie versions of camp TV shows in recent years have made the camp nature of these shows a running gag throughout the films.

Some classic films noted for their camp tone include:

• John Huston's Beat the Devil (1953, starring Humphrey Bogart), an exaggerated film noir send-up.^{[citation needed]}.
• Filmmaker John Waters' directed a number of camp films such as Pink Flamingos, Hairspray, Female Trouble, Polyester, Desperate Living, A Dirty Shame, and Cecil B. Demented.
• Filmmaker Todd Solondz uses camp music to illustrate the absurdity and banality of bourgeois, suburban existence. In Solondz's cult film Welcome to the Dollhouse, the eleven-year-old girl protagonist kisses a boy while Deborah Gibson's "Lost in Your Eyes" plays on a Fisher-Price tape recorder.

Films such as Valley of the Dolls, Burlesque, Showgirls and Mommie Dearest gained camp status primarily due to the filmmakers' attempting to produce a serious film that wound up unintentionally comedic. Award-winning actresses, like Patty Duke in Dolls and Faye Dunaway in Dearest, gave such over-the-top performances that the films became camp classics, especially attracting fanfare from gay male audiences.

The second part of the movie Superman (1978) set in fictional Metropolis takes on a campy screwball tone after the seriousness of the origin story.

Educational and industrial films form an entire sub-genre of camp films, with the most famous being the much-spoofed 1950s Duck and Cover film, in which an anthropomorphic, cartoon turtle explains how one can survive a nuclear attack by hiding under a school desk. Its British counterpart Protect and Survive could be seen as kitsch, even though it is very chilling to watch (it was never shown on grounds of National security and would only be broadcast if an attack was deemed likely within 72 hours). Many British Public Information Films gained a camp cult following, such as the famous Charley Says series. Interestingly, Charley's voice is performed by the camp surrealist comedian and Radio DJ Kenny Everett, who came from an advertising background as a copywriter.

Some films are intentionally and consciously camp, such as The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert. In British cinema the archetypal camp film cult is the outrageous long-running, 30-film "Carry On" series. Another cult is built around The Rocky Horror Picture Show. Preaching to the Perverted (film),written and directed by Stuart Urban, broke out of traditional British comedy style to portray the fetish and BDSM scene under assault from Christian crusaders and the authorities. It portrayed both the fetish scene and the Establishment in a cartoon, stylised visual manner. Lambasted by most traditional critics, lauded by gay, music and fashion press, it went on to build a lasting cult reputation.

Fashion

1964 Chevrolet Impala as a lowrider. Many lowriders are often very camp as a result of having gold plating, airbrushed murals, dralon interiors and hydraulics (though they were originally a practical modification).

Retro-camp fashion is an example of modern hipsters employing camp styles for the sake of humor. Yard decorations, popular in some parts of suburban and rural America, are examples of kitsch and are sometimes displayed as camp expressions.^{[citation needed]} The classic camp yard ornament is the pink plastic flamingo. The yard globe, garden gnome, wooden cut-out of a fat lady bending over, the statue of a small black man holding a lantern (called a lawn jockey) and ceramic statues of white-tailed deer are also prevalent camp lawn decorations.

The Carvel chain of soft-serve ice cream stores is famous for its camp style, camp low-budget TV commercials and camp ice-cream cakes such as Cookie Puss and Fudgie The Whale.

Music

Dusty Springfield is a camp icon. In public and on stage Springfield developed a joyful image supported by her peroxide blonde beehive hairstyle, evening gowns, and heavy make-up that included her much-copied "panda eye" mascara. Springfield borrowed elements of her look from blonde glamour queens of the 1950s, such as Brigitte Bardot and Catherine Deneuve, and pasted them together according to her own taste. Her ultra-glamorous look made her a camp icon and this, combined with her emotive vocal performances, won her a powerful and enduring following in the gay community. Besides the prototypical female drag queen, she was presented in the roles of the "Great White Lady" of pop and soul and the "Queen of Mods". More recently South Korean rapper Psy known for his viral internet music videos full of flamboyant dance and visuals has come to be seen as a 21st-century incarnation of camp style.

Distinguishing between kitsch and camp

The banner of a diner featuring a 1950s-era camp advertisement.

The words "camp" and "kitsch" are often used interchangeably; both may relate to art, literature, music, or any object that carries an aesthetic value. However, "kitsch" refers specifically to the work itself, whereas "camp" is a mode of performance. Thus, a person may consume kitsch intentionally or unintentionally. Camp, as Susan Sontag observed, is always a way of consuming or performing culture "in quotation marks."

However, Sontag also distinguishes the difference between "naive" and "deliberate" camp. Kitsch, as a form or style, certainly falls under the category "naive camp" as it is unaware that it is tasteless; "deliberate camp", on the other hand, can be seen as a subversive form of kitsch which deliberately exploits the whole notions of what it is to be kitsch. (Sontag, 1964)

Camp around the world

Pop singer Mika is known for his camp-styled performances

Thomas Hine identified 1954–64 as the campiest period in modern U.S. history. During this time, Americans had more money to spend, thanks to the post-war economic boom; but they often exercised poor taste.

In the UK, on the other hand, camp is an adjective, often associated with a stereotypical view of feminine gay men. The term has been in common use for many decades. Gay comedian Kenneth Williams wrote in a diary entry for 1 January 1947: "Went to Singapore with Stan - very camp evening, was followed, but tatty types so didn't bother to make overtures." Although it applies to gay men, it is a specific adjective used to describe a man that openly promotes the fact that he is gay by being outwardly garish or eccentric, for example, the character Daffyd Thomas in the English comedy skit show Little Britain. "Camp" forms a strong element in UK culture, and many so-called gay-icons and objects are chosen as such because they are camp. People like Kylie Minogue, John Inman, Lawrence Llewelyn Bowen, Lulu, Graham Norton, Mika, Lesley Joseph, Ruby Wax, Dale Winton, Cilla Black, and the music hall tradition of the pantomime are camp elements in popular culture.^{[citation needed]} The British tradition of the "Last Night of the Proms" can glory in camp nostalgia and camp patriotism.

The Australian theatre and opera director Barrie Kosky is renowned for his use of camp in interpreting the works of the Western canon including Shakespeare, Wagner, Molière, Seneca, Kafka and most recently – on 9 September 2006 – his eight-hour production for the Sydney Theatre Company The Lost Echo, based on Ovid's Metamorphoses and Euripides' The Bacchae. In the first act ("The Song of Phaeton"), for instance, the goddess Juno takes the form of a highly stylised Marlene Dietrich and the musical arrangements feature Noël Coward and Cole Porter. Kosky's use of camp is also effectively employed to satirise the pretensions, manners and cultural vacuity of Australia's suburban middle class, which is suggestive of the style of Dame Edna Everage. For example, in The Lost Echo Kosky employs a chorus of high school girls and boys: one girl in the chorus takes leave from the goddess Diana and begins to rehearse a dance routine, muttering to herself in a broad Australian accent "Mum says I have to practise if I want to be on Australian Idol.

Since 2000, the Eurovision Song Contest, an annually televised competition of song performers from different countries, has shown an increased element of camp - since the contest has shown an increasing attraction within the gay communities - in their stage performances. At least, during the televised finale, which is screened live across Europe. As it is a visual show, many Eurovision performances attempt to attract the attention of the voters through means other than the music, which sometimes leads to bizarre onstage gimmicks and what some critics have called "the Eurovision kitsch drive", with almost cartoonish novelty acts performing.

Literature

The first post-World War II use of the word in print, marginally mentioned in the Sontag essay, may be Christopher Isherwood's 1954 novel The World in the Evening, where he comments: "You can't camp about something you don't take seriously. You're not making fun of it; you're making fun out of it. You're expressing what's basically serious to you in terms of fun and artifice and elegance." In American writer Susan Sontag's 1964 essay "Notes on 'Camp'", Sontag emphasised artifice, frivolity, naïve middle-class pretentiousness and shocking excess as key elements of camp. Examples cited by Sontag included Tiffany lamps, the drawings of Aubrey Beardsley, Tchaikovsky's ballet Swan Lake and Japanese science fiction films such as Rodan, and The Mysterians of the 1950s.

In Mark Booth's 1983 book Camp he defines camp as "to present oneself as being committed to the marginal with a commitment greater than the marginal merits." He discerns carefully between genuine camp and camp fads and fancies, things that are not intrinsically camp, but display artificiality, stylisation, theatricality, naivety, sexual ambiguity, tackiness, poor taste, stylishness, or portray camp people and thus appeal to them. He considers Susan Sontag's definition problematical because it lacks this distinction.

Analysis

As a cultural challenge, camp can also receive a political meaning, when minorities appropriate and ridicule the images of the dominant group, the kind of activism associated with multiculturalism and the New Left. The best known instance of this is the gay liberation movement, which used camp to confront society with its own preconceptions and their historicity. The first positive portrayal of a gay secret agent in fiction appears in a series, The Man from C.A.M.P. in which the protagonist is, paradoxically, effeminate yet physically tough. Female camp actresses such as Mae West, Judy Garland, Marlene Dietrich, Greta Garbo, Bette Davis, Marilyn Monroe, and Joan Crawford also had an important influence on the development of feminist consciousness: by exaggerating certain stereotyped features of femininity, such as fragility, open emotionality or moodiness, they attempted to undermine the credibility of those preconceptions. The multiculturalist stance in cultural studies therefore presents camp as political and critical. The Frankfurt School academic Theodor Adorno condemned pop culture as an instrument of capitalist oppression, with camp being part of the system. Camp, according to Frankfurt School theory, engenders unthinking consumerism.

As a part of its adoption by the mainstream, camp has undergone a softening of its original subversive tone, and is often little more than the recognition that popular culture can also be enjoyed by a sophisticated sensibility. Mainstream comic books and B Westerns, for example, have become standard subjects for academic analysis. The normalisation of the outrageous, common to many Vanguardist movements—has led some critics to argue the notion has lost its usefulness for critical art discourse.

According to sociologist Andrew Ross,

Camp engages in a redefinition of cultural meaning through a juxtaposition of an outmoded past alongside that which is technologically, stylistically, and sartorially contemporary. Often characterized by the reappropriation of a "throwaway Pop aesthetic", camp works to intermingle the categories of "high" and "low" culture. Objects may become camp objects because of their historical association with a power now in decline. As opposed to kitsch, camp reappropriates culture in an ironic fashion, whereas kitsch is indelibly sincere. Additionally, kitsch may be seen as a quality of an object, while camp, “tends to refer to a subjective process.” Those who identify objects as “camp” commemorate the distance mirrored in the process through which, “unexpected value can be located in some obscure or exorbitant object.”

The effect of camp's irony is problematic, insofar as the agents of cultural redefinition are often of upper- or middle-class standing who could, “afford, literally, to redefine the life of consumerism and material affluence as a life of spiritual poverty.” Camp-style performances may allow certain prejudices to be perpetuated by thinly veiling them as irony. Some feminist critics argue that drag queens are misogynistic because they make women seem ridiculous and perpetuate harmful stereotypes. This criticism posits that drag queens are the gay equivalent of the black and white minstrel. Some critics claim that camp comedians like Larry Grayson, Kenny Everett, Duncan Norvelle and Julian Clary perpetuate gay stereotypes and pander to homophobia. This sign of a privileged cultural position left the lower-class standing incapable of any cultural redefinition, thereby relegating them to a static position which could then only be lifted by those with enough capital. Camp aesthetics became the curious site of personal liberation from the stranglehold of the corporate, capitalist state. Within the capitalist environment of constant consumption, camp rediscovers history's waste, bringing back objects thought of as refuse or of bad taste. Camp liberates objects from the landfills of history and reinvokes them with a new charisma. In doing so camp creates an economy separate from that of the state. In Ross's words, camp, “is the re-creation of surplus value from forgotten forms of labor.”

This is perhaps why Camp often faces criticism from other political and aesthetic perspectives. For example, the most obvious argument is that camp is just an excuse for poor quality work and allows the tacky and vulgar to be recognized as valid art. In doing so, camp celebrates the trivial and superficial and form over content. This could be called the "yuck factor". The power of the camp object may be found in its ability to induce this reaction. In a sense objects that fill their beholders with disgust fulfill Sontag's definition of the ultimate camp statement, “it's good because it's awful.” From flea markets to thrift stores, the 'bad taste' of camp has been increasingly reinculcated with the cultural capital that it had intended to break away from. In an attempt to, “present a challenge to the mechanisms of control and containment that operate in the name of good taste,” the camp aesthetic has fallen flat on its face and has been appropriated by artists such as Macklemore with his hit single “Thrift Shop”. Yet, his fame is only enjoyed at the expense of others, as Ross writes, “it [the pleasure of camp] is the result of the (hard) work of a producer of taste and “taste” is only possible through exclusion and depreciation.”

See also

• Glam rock

Further reading

• Core, Philip (1984/1994). CAMP, The Lie That Tells the Truth, foreword by George Melly. London: Plexus Publishing Limited. ISBN 0-85965-044-8
• Cleto, Fabio, editor (1999). Camp: Queer Aesthetics and the Performing Subject. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-06722-2.
• Padva, Gilad (2008). "Educating The Simpsons: Teaching Queer Representations in Contemporary Visual Media". Journal of LGBT Youth 5(3), 57–73.
• Padva, Gilad and Talmon, Miri (2008). "Gotta Have An Effeminate Heart: The Politics of Effeminacy and Sissyness in a Nostalgic Israeli TV Musical". Feminist Media Studies 8(1), 69–84.
• Padva, Gilad (2005). "Radical Sissies and Stereotyped Fairies in Laurie Lynd's The Fairy Who Didn’t Want To Be A Fairy Anymore". Cinema Journal 45(1), 66–78.
• Padva, Gilad (2000). "Priscilla Fights Back: The Politicization of Camp Subculture". Journal of Communication Inquiry 24(2), 216–243.
• Meyer, Moe, editor (1993). The Politics and Poetics of Camp. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-08248-X.
• Sontag, Susan (1964). "Notes on Camp" in Against Interpretation and Other Essays. New York: Farrer Straus & Giroux. ISBN 0-312-28086-6.

Notes

Sources

• Babuscio, Jack. 1993. "Camp and the Gay Sensibility." In Camp Grounds: Style and Homosexuality. Ed David Bergman. Amherst: U of Massachusetts P. 19-38. ISBN 978-0-87023-878-9.
• Feil, Ken. 2005. "Queer Comedy." In Comedy: A Geographic and Historical Guide. Ed. Maurice Charney. Vol. 2. Westport, CN: Praeger. 477-492. ISBN 978-0-313-32715-5.
• Levine, Martin P. 1998. Gay Macho. New York: New York UP. ISBN 0-8147-4694-2.
• Meyer, Moe, ed. 1994. The Politics and Poetics of Camp. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-08248-8.
• Morrill, Cynthia. 1994. "Revamping the Gay Sensibility: Queer Camp and dyke noir." In Meyer (1994, 110-129).
• Shugart, Helene A., and Catherine Egley Waggoner. 2008. Making Camp: Rhetorics of Transgression in U.S. Popular Culture. Tuscaloosa: U of Alabama P. ISBN 978-0-8173-5652-1.
• Van Leer, David. 1995. The Queening of America: Gay Culture in Straight Society. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-90336-3.

External links

• The dark side of camp – analysis of camp style and society by Gareth Cook

English Journal

• [Sensitivity of three inmunocromathographic tests in faeces samples for Campylobacter and Salmonella detection in comparison to culture].

• Liébana-Martos MC1, Gutierrez J, Riazzo C, Navarro JM.
• Revista española de quimioterapia : publicación oficial de la Sociedad Española de Quimioterapia.Rev Esp Quimioter.2014 Jun;27(2):102-5.
• Introduction. Campylobacter sp. and Salmonella enterica are two of the main organisms causing gastroenteritis in our environment. Immunochromatographic tests for antigen detection performed directly on stool samples for its simplicity and rapid results may make them useful diagnostic elements in the
• PMID 24940890

• A novel immunoproteomics method for identifying in vivo-induced Campylobacter jejuni antigens using pre-adsorbed sera from infected patients.

• Hu Y1, Shang Y, Huang J, Wang Y, Ren F, Jiao Y, Pan Z, Jiao XA.
• Biochimica et biophysica acta.Biochim Biophys Acta.2013 Nov;1830(11):5229-35. doi: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.06.042. Epub 2013 Jul 11.
• BACKGROUND: Campylobacter jejuni is an important food-borne and zoonotic pathogen with a worldwide distribution. Humans and chickens are hosts of this pathogen. At present, there is no ideal vaccine for controlling human campylobacteriosis or the carriage of C. jejuni by chickens. Bacterial in vivo-
• PMID 23850640

• Detection of non-jejuni and -coli Campylobacter species from stool specimens with an immunochromatographic antigen detection assay.

• Couturier BA1, Couturier MR, Kalp KJ, Fisher MA.
• Journal of clinical microbiology.J Clin Microbiol.2013 Jun;51(6):1935-7. doi: 10.1128/JCM.03208-12. Epub 2013 Apr 3.
• The STAT! Campy immunochromatographic assay for Campylobacter antigen was compared to culture for 500 clinical stool specimens. Antigen was detected in six culture-negative, PCR-positive specimens. C. upsaliensis, a pathogenic species that is traditionally difficult to recover in routine stool cultu
• PMID 23554192

Japanese Journal

• Evaluation of a Cytolethal Distending Toxin (cdt) Gene-Based Species-Specific Multiplex PCR Assay for the Identification of Campylobacter Strains Isolated from Poultry in Thailand

• SAMOSORNSUK Worada,ASAKURA Masahiro,YOSHIDA Emi,TAGUCHI Takashi,NISHIMURA Kazuhiko,EAMPOKALAP Boonchuay,PHONGSISAY Vongsavanh,CHAICUMPA Wanpen,YAMASAKI Shinji
• Microbiology and immunology 51(9), 909-917, 2007-09-20
• NAID 10020279432

• Campy Pouch System^【○!R】 を使用した Helicobacter pylori の分離培地への接種法の検討

• 大内 裕敬,塚本 尚行,林 俊治,木村 浩一,藤井 暢弘,杉山 敏郎,加藤 元嗣,西川 恵子,工藤 峰生,浅香 正博
• 臨床と微生物 = Clinical microbiology 23(3), 389-392, 1996-05-25
• NAID 10016087326

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