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A residential property in Los Angeles, subject to tent fumigation or "tenting".

Fumigation of a hotel (Vila Shanti) in Bali where the smoke even reaches the hotel lobby (Feb 2010).

Fumigation is a method of pest control that completely fills an area with gaseous pesticides—or fumigants—to suffocate or poison the pests within. It is used to control pests in buildings (structural fumigation), soil, grain, and produce, and is also used during processing of goods to be imported or exported to prevent transfer of exotic organisms. This method also affects the structure itself, affecting pests that inhabit the physical structure, such as woodborers and drywood termites.^[1]

Process

Fumigation generally involves the following phases: First the area intended to be fumigated is usually covered to create a sealed environment; next the fumigant is released into the space to be fumigated; then, the space is held for a set period while the fumigant gas percolates through the space and acts on and kills any infestation in the product, next the space is ventilated so that the poisonous gases are allowed to escape from the space, and render it safe for humans to enter. If successful, the fumigated area is now safe and pest free.

Tent fumigation (tenting)

Structural fumigation techniques differ from building to building, but in houses a rubber tent is often placed over the entire house while the pesticides are being released into the vacant residence. This process is called tent fumigation or "tenting". The sealed tent concentrates the poisonous gases and prevents them from escaping into the neighborhood. The process can take up to a week depending on the fumigant used, which in turn depend on the severity of infestation and size of the building.

Chemicals

Methyl bromide was among the most widely used fumigants until its production and use was restricted by the Montreal Protocol due to its role in ozone depletion.^[2]^[3]

Widely used fumigants include:

phosphine
1,3-dichloropropene
chloropicrin
methyl isocyanate
hydrogen cyanide
sulfuryl fluoride
formaldehyde
iodoform

Safety

Fumigation is a hazardous operation. Generally it is a legal requirement that the operator who carries out the fumigation operation holds official certification to perform the fumigation as the chemicals used are toxic to most forms of life, including humans.^[1]

Post operation ventilation of the area is a critical safety aspect of fumigation. It is important to distinguish between the pack or source of the fumigant gas and the environment which has been fumigated. While the fumigant pack may be safe and spent, the space will still hold the fumigant gas until it has been ventilated.

Early publication

W. G. Johnson, Fumigation Methods (New York, 1902)

References

^ ^a ^b Baur, Fred. Insect Management for Food Storage and Processing. American Ass. of Cereal Chemists. pp. 162–165. ISBN 0-913250-38-4.
^ Messenger, Belinda; Braun, Adolf (2000). "Alternatives to Methyl Bromide for the Control of Soil-Borne Diseases and Pests in California". Pest Management Analysis and Planning Program. Retrieved 2008-11-17.
^ Decanio, Stephen J.; Norman, Catherine S. (2008). "Economics of the "Critical Use" of Methyl bromide under the Montreal Protocol". Contemporary Economic Policy 23 (3): 376–393. doi:10.1093/cep/byi028.

External links

National Pesticide Information Center
- Termite Treatments - National Pesticide Information Center

UpToDate Contents

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1. 虚血性僧帽弁閉鎖不全症 ischemic mitral regurgitation
2. 機能性僧帽弁閉鎖不全症 functional mitral regurgitation
3. 鎖骨骨折 clavicle fractures
4. 膝蓋骨外側脱臼の認識および初期マネージメント recognition and initial management of lateral patellar dislocations
5. 三次元心エコー検査 three dimensional echocardiography

English Journal

Limited Dorsal Myeloschisis and Congenital Dermal Sinus: Comparison of Clinical and MR Imaging Features.

Lee SM1,2, Cheon JE3, Choi YH1, Kim IO1, Kim WS1, Cho HH1,4, Lee JY5,6, Wang KC6.
AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology.AJNR Am J Neuroradiol.2017 Jan;38(1):176-182. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A4958. Epub 2016 Oct 20.
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: While limited dorsal myeloschisis is a distinctive form of spinal dysraphism, it may be confused with congenital dermal sinus. The aim of this study was to describe clinical and MR imaging findings of limited dorsal myeloschisis that can distinguish it from congenital dermal
PMID 27765739

Tricuspid regurgitation progression and regression in pulmonary arterial hypertension: implications for right ventricular and tricuspid valve apparatus geometry and patients outcome.

Medvedofsky D1, Aronson D2,3, Gomberg-Maitland M1, Thomeas V1, Rich S1, Spencer K1, Mor-Avi V1, Addetia K1, Lang RM1, Shiran A4,5.
European heart journal cardiovascular Imaging.Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging.2017 Jan;18(1):86-94. doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jew010. Epub 2016 Feb 11.
AIMS: The aim of this study was to determine the mechanism of tricuspid regurgitation (TR) progression in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and its effect on survival.METHODS AND RESULTS: We studied 88 patients with PAH and functional TR (mean pulmonary artery pressure 49 ± 14 mmHg; 43% idiopat
PMID 26873457

3D printing of normal and pathologic tricuspid valves from transthoracic 3D echocardiography data sets.

Muraru D1, Veronesi F2, Maddalozzo A3, Dequal D4, Frajhof L5, Rabischoffsky A6, Iliceto S3, Badano LP3.
European heart journal cardiovascular Imaging.Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging.2016 Dec 26. pii: jew215. doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jew215. [Epub ahead of print]
AIMS: To explore the feasibility of using transthoracic 3D echocardiography (3DTTE) data to generate 3D patient-specific models of tricuspid valve (TV).METHODS AND RESULTS: Multi-beat 3D data sets of the TV (32 vol/s) were acquired in five subjects with various TV morphologies from the apical approa
PMID 28025262

Japanese Journal

Endovascular Repair of a Middle Meningeal Artery Aneurysm after Cranial Surgery

Suzuki Masanori,Kominami Shushi,Koketsu Kenta,Mizunari Takayuki,Kobayashi Shiro,Morita Akio
NMC Case Report Journal 1(1), 6-8, 2014
… This middle meningeal artery aneurysm was associated with prior surgical procedures, particularly craniotomy or dural tenting sutures. …
NAID 130004648824

僧帽弁複合体

尾長谷喜久子,大倉宏之
超音波医学 41(2), 165-174, 2014
… きる．弁下構造を捉えるためには，経食道心エコーの経胃アプローチが有用であり，通常の中部食道アプローチと合わせて観察することで僧帽弁複合体全体を把握できる．弁輪のサドル型形状の評価や弁尖のtenting volumeといった3次元計測は臨床応用には至っていない．経食道心エコーと比較し非侵襲的な経胸壁心エコーの解像度がさらに改善され，3次元指標の自動解析が正確にできるようになれば臨床応用も進むであ …
NAID 130004496915

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