屍体、死骸

関: cadaveric

WordNet

the dead body of a human being; "the cadaver was intended for dissection"; "the end of the police search was the discovery of a corpse"; "the murderer confessed that he threw the stiff in the river"; "honor comes to bless the turf that wraps their clay" (同)corpse, stiff, clay, remains
of or relating to a cadaver or corpse; "we had long anticipated his cadaverous end" (同)cadaveric

PrepTutorEJDIC

死体(特に解剖・研究用の人間の死体)
死体(死人)のような,青ざめてやせこけた

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/11/29 05:29:08」(JST)

wiki ja

[Wiki ja表示]

カダヴァー(CADAVER)はノルウェーのデスメタル／ブラックメタルバンド。1988年に結成されアルバムを数枚リリースしたが1993年に一度解散。その後、カダヴァーのメンバーだったアンダース・オデンによって1999年にカダヴァー・インク(CADAVER INC.)という名で再結成が行われる。その後名前をカダヴァーに戻し活動を行ったが、最終的に2004年に活動を終了した。

初期の頃はウッドベースやフルートを導入してプログレッシブ・デスメタルとでも言えるような非常にテクニカルなデスメタルバンドであったが、再結成後は当時ノルウェーで盛んであったブラックメタル寄りのアプローチになりブラストビートを全面に展開する楽曲が多くなった。またライブではコープスペイントを施したパフォーマンスを展開していた。

略歴

1988年にアンダース・オデンとOle Bjerkebakkeによってカダヴァー(CADAVER)が結成される。その後、1989年にベースのRené Jansenが加入し、トリオ編成でデモテープ『Abnormal Defomity』を作成。このデモテープはカーカスのメンバーの興味を惹くこととなり、当時彼等が運営していたイヤーエイク・レコード傘下のネクロシス・レコードから1stアルバム『Hallucinating Anxiety』をカーネイジのアルバムとのスプリットアルバムとしてリリースされることとなった。アルバムのリリース後、ベースのRené Jansenが脱退し、代わりにEilert Solstadが加入する。1992年には2ndアルバム『...In Pains』をイヤーエイク・レコードよりリリースするが、バンド内で方向性の相違により1993年に解散することとなった。

その後、アンダース・オデンはシンセポップバンド、アポプティグマ・ベルツァークのメンバーとして参加する一方、マジェンタでの活動を行っていたが。1998年にサティアに誘われる形で、サテリコンの『Meggio』、『Rebel Extravaganza』や、メイヘムのアルバムに参加することになり、再びデスメタルへの意欲を持つこととなる。

1999年になってアンダース・オデンは新たに3人のメンバーを集め、そしてカダヴァー・インク(CADAVER INC.)という名で再びデスメタル・シーンに戻って来ることになった。アンダース・オデンはオデン(Odden)を逆に綴ったネッド(Neddo)という名前で活動をし、2001年4月にカダヴァー・インクとしてのデビュー・アルバム『Discipiine』をイヤーエイク・レコードよりリリースする。このアルバムは以前のカダヴァーがデスメタルだったのに比べてよりブラックメタル色が強くなり、ライブにおいてもコープス・ペイントを施したりと同郷のブラックメタルを強く意識した形となった。アルバムリリース後、ザイクロン、モービッド・エンジェル、エクストリーム・ノイズ・テラーらとヨーロッパ、アメリカツアーを行う。

アルバムにともないウェブサイト「www.cadaverinc.com」を立ち上げ、冗談半分で殺人者のアリバイ提供サービスを行ったところ大変な注目を集める事となり、ノルウェー当局から捜査を受けたりしたので騒ぎを収束させるために、バンド名をカダヴァーに戻して活動していく事になる。

2002年にはノルウェーのオスロで行われたフェスティバルに出演したときのライブアルバム『Live Inferno』をRapax Productionsよりリリース。2003年にはアルバム『Necrosis』をキャンドルライト・レコードよりリリースした。このアルバムは前作のブラックメタルよりのアプローチに比べるとオーソドックスなデスメタルよりになった。リリース後メイヘムらとヨーロッパツアーを行うが、その後解散を決め、2004年9月8日に公式サイトで正式に解散したと発表された。

その後、アンダース・オデンはアポプティグマ・ベルツァークに再加入し、『You and Me Against the World』のレコーディング及びツアーに参加し、アルバムはヨーロッパでトップ10を獲得することになったが、2006年にはアポプティグマ・ベルツァークを脱退し、再結成したセルティック・フロストのツアーサポートギタリストとして加入した。

メンバー

第一期(1988年-1993年)

アンダース・オデン　Anders Odden - (G) (1988-1993, 1999-2004)

アポプティグマ・ベルツァーク、マジェンタでの活動の他に、サテリコン、メイヘムのアルバムへの参加やセルティック･フロストのツアーサポートも担当
Ole Bjerkebakke - (Ds,Vo,フルート) (1988-1993)
René Jansen - (B) (1989-1992)
Eilert Solstad - (B,ウッドベース) (1992-1993)
Espen Solum - (G) (1989)

第二期(1999年-2004年)

ネッド　Neddo - (G) (1988-1993, 1999-2004)

アンダース・オデン(Anders Odden)の変名。
アポリヨン　Apollyon - (Vo,B) (1999-2004)

本名「Ole Jørgen Moe」

Aura Noir、DHG、Lamented Soulsといったバンドで活動。
L.J. Balvaz - (G,B) (2000-2004)
Czral - (Ds) (1999-2004)

本名「Carl-Michael Eide」

初期のサテリコンに在籍。また、ディム・ボガーの1997年のツアーに参加したり、ウルヴェルでの活動や、Aura Noir、DHG、Ved Buens Endeで活動している。

サポートメンバー

ファウスト　Faust (Vo)

本名「Bård G. Eithun」

エンペラーの元ドラム担当。3rdアルバム『Discipline』に参加。
Fenriz (Vo)

本名「Gylve Fenris Nagell」

ダークスローンのドラム担当。3rdアルバム『Discipline』に参加。

ディスコグラフィー

アルバム

1990年　Hallucinating Anxiety
1992年　...In Pains
2001年　Discipline
2003年　Necrosis

シングル・ミニアルバム

1999年　Primal
2006年　Split w/ボイス・オブ・ヘイト

ライブ

2002年　 Live Inferno

コンピレーション

1992年　V.A. / Masters Of Misery : An Earache Tribute (邦題：ブラック・サバスに告ぐ！)

デモ

1988年　Into the Outside
1989年　Abnormal Deformity
1989年　Sunset At Dawn
1989年　Abnormal Deformity

外部リンク

http://www.cadaver.no/ 公式サイト（英語）

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

The anatomy lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt shows an anatomy lesson taking place in Amsterdam in 1632.

A cadaver, also called corpse (singular) in medical, literary, and legal usage, or when intended for dissection, is a deceased body.^[1] The obsolete British term lich for corpse, sometimes spelled lych, is no longer even listed in major British dictionaries such as Longman, Macmillan, Cambridge, or Oxford Online Dictionaries. However, the term lich has been revived in modern fantasy fiction for a type of "undead" creature.

Human decay

Cadaver in Refrigerator in the Forensic Medicine at the Charité Berlin

Observation of the various stages of decomposition can help determine how long a body has been dead.

Stages of decomposition

The first stage is autolysis, more commonly known as self-digestion, during which the body's cells are destroyed through the action of their own digestive enzymes. However, these enzymes are released into the cells because of active processes ceasing in the cells, not as an active process. In other words, though autolysis resembles the active process of digestion of nutrients by live cells, the dead cells are not actively digesting themselves as is often claimed in popular literature and as the synonym self-digestion of autolysis seems to imply. As a result of autolysis, liquid is created that gets between the layers of skin and makes the skin peel off. During this stage, flies (when present) start to lay eggs in the openings of the body: eyes, nostrils, mouth, ears, open wounds, and other orifices. Hatched larvae, (maggots) of blowflies, subsequently get under the skin and start to eat the body.

The second stage of decomposition is bloating; bacteria in the gut begin to break down the tissues of the body, releasing gas that accumulates in the intestines, which becomes trapped because of the early collapse of the small intestine. This bloating occurs largely in the abdomen, and sometimes in the mouth and genitals. The tongue may swell. This usually happens in about the second week of decomposition. Gas accumulation and bloating will continue until the body is decomposed sufficiently for the gas to escape.

The third stage is putrefaction. It is the last and longest stage. Putrefaction is where the larger structures of the body break down, and tissues liquefy. The digestive organs, the brain, and lungs are the first to disintegrate. Under normal conditions, the organs are unidentifiable after three weeks. The muscles can be eaten by bacteria or devoured by animals. Eventually, sometimes after several years, all that remains is the skeleton. In acid-rich soils, the skeleton will eventually dissolve into its base chemicals.

History

Greek physician Herophilus (335-280 BC) [and Erasistratus (310-250 BC) performed public dissections], lived in 300 BC in Alexandria, Egypt. He was the first physician on record to have dissected bodies. The tradition of dissecting criminals was carried up into the eighteenth and nineteenth century when anatomy schools became popular in England and Scotland. At that time, a greater percentage of Christians believed in the literal raising from the dead. Because the souls of dissected bodies could not go to heaven, people rarely offered their bodies to science.^{[citation needed]} Criminals who were executed for their crimes were used as the first cadavers. The demand for cadavers increased when the number of criminals being executed decreased. Since corpses were in such high demand, it became commonplace to steal bodies from graves in order to keep the market supplied.

The methods of preserving cadavers have changed over the last 200 years. At that time, cadavers had to be used immediately because there were no adequate methods to keep the body from quickly decaying. Preservation was needed in order to carry out classes and lessons about the human body. Glutaraldehyde was the first main chemical used for embalming and preserving the body although it leaves a yellow stain in the tissues, which can interfere with observation and research.

Formaldehyde is the chemical that is used as the main embalming chemical now. It is a colorless solution that maintains the tissue in its lifelike texture and can keep the body well preserved for an extended period.

Body snatching

Anatomy schools began to steal bodies from graves. While "grave robbers" were technically people who stole jewelry from the deceased, some respected anatomy instructors dug up bodies themselves. The anatomist Thomas Sewall, who later became the personal physician for three U.S. presidents, was convicted in 1818 of digging up a corpse for dissection.

Anatomists would even dissect members of their own family. William Harvey, the man famous for discovering the circulatory system, was so dedicated he dissected his father and sister. From 1827 to 1828 in Scotland, murders were carried out, so that the bodies could be sold to medical schools for cash. These were known as the West Port murders. The Anatomy Act of 1832 was formed and passed because of the murders. H. H. Holmes, a noted serial killer in Chicago, Illinois, USA, sold the skeletons of some of his victims to medical schools.

By 1828 anatomists were paying others to do the digging. At that time, London anatomy schools employed ten full-time body snatchers and about 200 part-time workers during the dissection season. This period ran from October to May, when the winter cold slowed down the decomposition of the bodies. A crew of six or seven could dig up about 310 bodies.^{[citation needed]}

Disposing of the dissected body was difficult, and rumors have appeared about how anatomists might have managed. One possibility was secretly burying the remains behind their school. Another rumored possibility was that they gave the bodies to zoo keepers, as feed for carnivorous animals or burial beneath elephant grazing pens, or fed the bodies to vultures kept specifically for this purpose.

Stories appeared of people murdering for the money they could make off cadaver sales. Two of the most famous are that of Burke and Hare, and that of Bishop, May, and Williams.

Burke and Hare — Burke and Hare ran a boarding house. When one of their tenants died, they brought him to Robert Knox's anatomy classroom in Edinburgh where they were paid seven pounds for the body. Realizing the possible profit, they murdered 16 people by asphyxiation over the next year and sold their bodies to Knox. They were eventually caught when a tenant returned to her bed only to encounter a corpse. Hare testified against Burke in exchange for amnesty and Burke was found guilty, hanged, and publicly dissected.
London Burkers, Bishop, May and Williams — These body snatchers also killed three boys, ages ten, 11 and 14 years old. The anatomist that they sold the cadavers to was suspicious. To delay their departure the anatomist said he needed to break a 50-pound note. He sent for the police who arrested the men. In Bishop's confession he stated, "I have followed the course of obtaining a livelihood as a body snatcher for 12 years, and have obtained and sold, I think from 500 to 1,000 bodies"

Embalming

The embalming process includes the use of specialist chemicals.

When a corpse is buried, the body will decompose by the actions of anaerobic bacteria. In many countries, corpses buried in coffins are embalmed. An embalmer may prepare the corpse for a lifelike appearance. Embalming fluid is then pumped into the body via an artery (commonly carotid, or femoral). This rehydrates the tissues and severely reduces the pace of decomposition.

Embalming is used to preserve the corpse temporarily, but may last for years. In some countries, such as the United States and Japan, make-up is applied to the corpse to prepare the body for public presentation. The corpse is then ready to go into the coffin. The embalmers then lower the corpse into the coffin, and then lower the coffin into the grave.

References

^ New Oxford Dictionary of English, 1999. cadaver Medicine: or poetic/literary: a cait.

External links

Documents: Cadavers Netted Hundreds of Thousands
Selling Bodies, Making Profits
Medicos Foil Bid to Sell Cadavers
Origins of Exhibited Cadavers Questioned

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 腎移植におけるHLAマッチングと移植片生着率 hla matching and graft survival in kidney transplantation
2. 腎ドナーにおけるC型肝炎ウイルス感染 hepatitis c virus infection in kidney donors
3. 候補となり得る死体ドナーのマネージメント management of the potential deceased donor
4. Techniques and devices for airway management for anesthesia: Supraglottic devices (including laryngeal mask airways)
5. Lower extremity nerve blocks: Techniques

English Journal

Histological Study of the External, Middle and Inner Ear of Horses.

Blanke A1, Aupperle H2, Seeger J3, Kubick C4, Schusser GF1.
Anatomia, histologia, embryologia.Anat Histol Embryol.2015 Dec;44(6):401-9. doi: 10.1111/ahe.12151. Epub 2014 Oct 6.
Clinical, anatomical and histological aspects of the equine acoustic organ have been poorly investigated and illustrated in literature so far. It is understood that an intact acoustic organ and hearing function are of vital importance for the well-being of flight animals like horses. The knowledge o
PMID 25283481

Infection of Tribolium castaneum with Bacillus thuringiensis: Quantification of Bacterial Replication within Cadavers, Transmission via Cannibalism, and Inhibition of Spore Germination.

Milutinović B1, Höfling C1, Futo M1, Scharsack JP1, Kurtz J2.
Applied and environmental microbiology.Appl Environ Microbiol.2015 Dec 1;81(23):8135-44. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02051-15. Epub 2015 Sep 18.
Reproduction within a host and transmission to the next host are crucial for the virulence and fitness of pathogens. Nevertheless, basic knowledge about such parameters is often missing from the literature, even for well-studied bacteria, such as Bacillus thuringiensis, an endospore-forming insect p
PMID 26386058

Proton pump (H+/K+-ATPase) expression in human larynx.

Stevanović S1, Radić R2, Kačarević ŽP2, Bedeković V3, Aras I4, Baudoin T3, Šoš D5, Vrselja Z2, Ivkić M3.
Auris, nasus, larynx.Auris Nasus Larynx.2015 Dec;42(6):458-62. doi: 10.1016/j.anl.2015.04.013. Epub 2015 May 21.
OBJECTIVE: The goal of our study was to investigate and to identify the existence of proton pump in different parts of larynx. The presence of acidic content in this area is known to be connected to several laryngeal diseases. It is mostly developed by upward recurrence of acidic gastric content, bu
PMID 26003879

Description of the Sphingolipid Content and Subspecies in the Diabetic Cornea.

Priyadarsini S1, Sarker-Nag A1, Allegood J2,3,4,5, Chalfant C2,3,4,5, Karamichos D1,6.
Current eye research.Curr Eye Res.2015 Dec;40(12):1204-10. doi: 10.3109/02713683.2014.990984. Epub 2014 Nov 26.
PURPOSE: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is characterized by high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period. Long term complications include but not limited heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, and ocular damage. An estimated 382 million people are diagnosed with Type 2 DM accounting for 90% of the cases.
PMID 25426847

Japanese Journal

Accuracy of specimen-specific nonlinear finite element analysis for evaluation of radial diaphysis strength in cadaver material

MATSUURA Yusuke,マツウラユウスケ,松浦佑介,KUNIYOSHI Kazuki,クニヨシカズキ,國吉一樹,SUZUKI Takane,スズキタカネ,鈴木崇根,OGAWA Yasufumi,SUKEGAWA Koji,ROKKAKU Tomoyuki,ロッカクトモユキ,六角智之,THORESON Andrew Ryan,AN Kai-Nan,TAKAHASHI Kazuhisa,タカハシカズヒサ,高橋和久
COMPUTER METHODS IN BIOMECHANICS AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 18(16), 1811-1817, 2015-12-10
Background: The feasibility of a user-specific finite element model for predicting the in situ strength of the radius after implantation of bone plates for open fracture reduction was established. The …
NAID 120005617336

The sensory nerves that innervate the area near the K-point

Shimotakahara Rie,Mine Kazuharu,Ogata Shigemitsu
看護科学研究 13(2), 30-34, 2015-07
… For the morphological investigation of sensory innervation in this area, we exposed the cranial nerves in 52 halves of cadaver head and observed their distribution in soft tissue. …
NAID 110009921787

仙腸関節における軟骨変性について : 解剖遺体を用いた検討 (日本腰痛学会特集号)

小野睦,外崎敬和,植山和正 [他]
Journal of spine research : official journal of the Japanese Society for Spine Surgery and Related Research 6(6), 1036-1040, 2015-06
NAID 40020522067

わが国におけるカダバーサージカルトレーニング(CST)の現状と展望

小林英司
胸部外科 = The Japanese journal of thoracic surgery 68(3), 204-211, 2015-03
NAID 40020369035

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「屍体」「死骸」
拡張検索	「cadaveric」

「屍体」

カダヴァー
CADAVER
カダヴァー; CADAVER
別名	カダヴァー・インク; CADAVER INC.
出身地	ノルウェーエストフォル県; フレドリクスタ
ジャンル	デスメタル; ブラックメタル
活動期間	1988年 - 1993年; 1999年 - 2004年
レーベル	ネクロシス・レコード; イヤーエイク・レコード; キャンドルライト・レコード
メンバー	アンダース・オデン（ネッド）; Ole Bjerkebakke; René Jansen; Eilert Solstad; Espen Solum; アポリヨン; L.J. Balvaz; Czral

　　[★]

英: cadaver、cadaveric
関: 死骸

「死骸」

　　[★]

英: cadaver
関: 屍体

「cadaveric」

　　[★]

屍体の

関: cadaver

[1] New Oxford Dictionary of English, 1999. cadaver Medicine: or poetic/literary: a cait.

カダヴァー CADAVER
別名	カダヴァー・インク CADAVER INC.
出身地	ノルウェーエストフォル県フレドリクスタ
ジャンル	デスメタルブラックメタル
活動期間	1988年 - 1993年 1999年 - 2004年
レーベル	ネクロシス・レコードイヤーエイク・レコードキャンドルライト・レコード

メンバー	アンダース・オデン（ネッド） Ole Bjerkebakke René Jansen Eilert Solstad Espen Solum アポリヨン L.J. Balvaz Czral

匿名

検索

案内

cadaver