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- a drug (trade name BuSpar) designed specifically for anxiety (同)BuSpar
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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/08/18 02:45:48」(JST)
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| Systematic (IUPAC) name | |
|---|---|
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8-[4-(4-pyrimidin-2-ylpiperazin-1-yl)butyl]-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione
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| Clinical data | |
| Trade names | Buspar |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | monograph |
| MedlinePlus | a688005 |
| Pregnancy category |
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| Legal status |
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| Routes of administration |
Oral |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | ~4%[1] |
| Protein binding | 86-95%[1] |
| Metabolism | Hepatic mostly via CYP3A4[1] |
| Biological half-life | 2-3 hours[2] |
| Excretion | Urine (29-63%), Faeces (18-38%)[1] |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Registry Number | 36505-84-7 Y |
| ATC code | N05BE01 |
| PubChem | CID: 2477 |
| IUPHAR/BPS | 36 |
| DrugBank | DB00490 Y |
| ChemSpider | 2383 Y |
| UNII | TK65WKS8HL Y |
| KEGG | D07593 Y |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:3223 Y |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL49 Y |
| Chemical data | |
| Formula | C21H31N5O2 |
| Molecular mass | 385.50314 g/mol |
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SMILES
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InChI
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| Y (what is this?) (verify) | |
Buspirone (/ˈbjuːspɨroʊn/ BEW-spi-rohn), trade name Buspar, is an anxiolytic psychotropic drug of the azapirone chemical class.[3] It is primarily used to treat generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Unlike most drugs predominantly used to treat anxiety, buspirone's pharmacology is not related to benzodiazepines or barbiturates, and so does not carry the risk of physical dependence and withdrawal symptoms for which those drug classes are known.
Buspirone was first identified by a team at Mead Johnson in 1972, but was not patented until 1975.[4][5]
In 1986, Bristol-Myers Squibb gained Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for buspirone in the treatment of GAD. The patent placed on buspirone expired in 2001 and buspirone is now available as a generic drug.
Contents
- 1 Medical uses
- 2 Dosage
- 3 Adverse effects
- 3.1 Contraindications
- 3.2 Interactions
- 3.3 Overdose
- 4 Pharmacology and mechanism
- 5 Research
- 6 Comparison to benzodiazepines
- 7 Synthesis
- 7.1 analogues
- 8 References
Medical uses
Buspirone is approved in the United States by the FDA for the treatment of anxiety disorders and the short-term relief of the symptoms of anxiety.[6] Likewise in Australia, buspirone is licensed for the treatment of anxiety disorders.[7][8] In the United Kingdom, buspirone is indicated only for the short-term treatment of anxiety.[9][10]
Although not approved for this indication, studies such as STAR*D have shown buspirone to be an effective augmentation agent alongside treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for clinical depression and is also used to counter the sexual side effects (anorgasmy and impotence) of the SSRI.[11][12][13][14]
Several clinical trials, most randomised double-blind trials (and in one buspirone was used as an adjunct to atomoxetine) and one open-label, have been conducted to evaluate the utility of buspirone in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with mostly positive results.[15][16][17][18]
Buspirone is also used in the treatment of mild to moderate cerebellar ataxia.[19]
Dosage
For generalized anxiety disorder (GAD): 15–60 mg. Starting dose is 5 mg, 3 times daily, average dosage being 20–30 mg a day. If symptoms still persist after several weeks then the dose may be titrated up to 60 mg. Due to Buspar's short half-life and linear pharmacokinetics,[20] dosage can be increased by 5 mg every two to three days.[21][22][23][24][25][26][27]
Adverse effects
Buspar (buspirone) 10-mg tablets.
Adverse effects by incidence[1][6][7][9] include:
Very common (>10% incidence)
- Dizziness/light-headedness
- Headache
- Somnolence (sleepiness)
- Premature ejaculation
Common (1-10% incidence)
- Nervousness
- Insomnia
- Sleep disorder
- Disturbance in attention
- Depression
- Confusional state
- Anger
- Tachycardia (fast heart rate)
- Chest pain
- Sinusitis (nasal congestion)
- Pharyngolaryngeal pain
- Paraesthesia (tingling skin)
- Blurred vision
- Abnormal coordination
- Tremor
- Cold sweat
- Rash
- Nausea
- Abdominal pain
- Dry mouth
- Diarrhea
- Constipation
- Vomiting
- Fatigue
- Musculoskeletal pain
Uncommon (0.1-1%)
- Syncope
- Hypotension
- Hypertension
- Redness and itching of the eyes
- Altered taste
- Conjunctivitis
- Flatulence
- Anorexia
- Increased appetite
- Salivation
- Rectal bleeding
- Urinary frequency
- Urinary hesitancy
- Menstrual irregularity or spotting
- Dysuria
- Muscle cramps
- Muscle spasms
- Muscle rigidity/stiffness
- Involuntary movements
- Shortness of breath
- Chest congestion
- Changes in libido
- Oedema
- Pruritus
- Flushing
- Easy bruising
- Dry skin
- Facial oedema
- Mild increases in hepatic aminotransferases (AST, ALT)
- Weight gain
- Fever
- Roaring sensation in the head
- Weight loss
- Malaise
- Depersonalisation
- Noise intolerance
- Euphoria
- Akathisia
- Fearfulness
- Loss of interest
- Dissociative reaction
Rare (<0.1% incidence)
- Cerebrovascular accident (stroke)
- Myocardial infarction (heart attack)
- Cardiomyopathy
- Congestive heart failure
- Bradycardia
- Dysphoria
- Hallucinations
- Feelings of claustrophobia
- Cold intolerance
- Stupor
- Seizures
- Slurred speech
- Extrapyramidal symptoms including dyskinesias (acute & delayed)
- Dystonic reactions
- Cogwheel rigidity
- Emotional lability
- Psychosis
- Suicidal ideation
- Ataxias
- Transient difficulty with recall
- Serotonin syndrome
- Parkinsonism
- Restless leg syndrome
- Restlessness
- Eye pain
- Altered sense of smell
- Photophobia
- Pressure on eyes
- Inner ear abnormality
- Tunnel vision
- Galactorrhoea
- Irritable colon
- Burning of the tongue
- Arthralgias
- Amenorrhoea (cessation of menstrual cycles)
- Enuresis
- Nocturia
- Pelvic inflammatory disease
- Urinary retention
- Hyperventilation
- Epistaxis
- Delayed ejaculation
- Impotence
- Acne
- Hair loss
- Blisters
- Thinning of nails
- Allergic reactions including urticaria, ecchymosis, angioedema
- Eosinophilia
- Leucopenia
- Thrombocytopaenia
- Alcohol abuse
- Bleeding disturbance
- Loss of voice
- Hiccoughs
- Thyroid abnormality
Contraindications
Buspirone has these contraindications:[28][29]
- Hypersensitivity to buspirone
- Metabolic acidosis, as in diabetes
- Should not be used with MAO inhibitors
- Severely compromised liver and/or renal function
Interactions
Buspirone has been shown in vitro to be metabolized by CYP3A4. This finding is consistent with the in vivo interactions observed between buspirone and these inhibitors inducers of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4), among others:[28]
- Itraconazole: Increased plasma level of buspirone
- Rifampicin: Decreased plasma levels of buspirone
- Nefazodone: Increased plasma levels of buspirone
- Haloperidol: Increased plasma levels of haloperidol
- Carbamazepine: Decreased plasma levels of buspirone
- Commercial grapefruit juice: contains rind, the source of the competing compound: Significantly increases the plasma levels of buspirone
The likely mechanism of the interaction caused by grapefruit juice is delayed gastric emptying or inhibition by a substance in grapefruit rind of cytochrome P450 3A4-mediated first-pass metabolism of buspirone.[30]
The occurrence of elevated blood pressure has been reported when buspirone hydrochloride has been added to a regimen including a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI).[28]
Overdose
Activated charcoal is believed to be an effective treatment for overdose, provided the patient is treated promptly. Expected symptoms (based on symptoms in male healthy volunteers treated with 375 mg/day — compared to the maximum daily licensed dosage in Australia, the UK, and the US):[6][7][9]
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Dizziness
- Drowsiness
- Miosis
- Gastric distress
Buspirone appears to be relatively benign in cases of single-drug overdose, although no definitive data on this subject appear to be available.[31]
Pharmacology and mechanism
Buspirone functions as a serotonin 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist (IA = 0.465).[28][32][33] It is this action that is thought to mediate its anxiolytic and antidepressant effects. Additionally, it functions as a presynaptic dopamine antagonist at the D2, D3 and D4 receptors.[28][34] [35] Buspirone is also a partial α1 receptor agonist.[36][37][38] Buspirone also appears to produce some oxytocin stimulation via 5-HT1A receptor-induced action. Buspirone binds to 5-HT type 1A serotonin receptors on presynaptic neurons in the dorsal raphe and on postsynaptic neurons in the hippocampus, thus inhibiting the firing rate of 5-HT-containing neurons in the dorsal raphe. Buspirone also binds at dopamine type 2 (DA2) receptors, blocking presynaptic dopamine receptors. Buspirone increases firing in the locus ceruleus, an area of brain where norepinephrine cell bodies are found in high concentration. The net result of buspirone actions is that serotonergic activity is suppressed while noradrenergic and dopaminergic cell firing is enhanced. [39][40]
Binding Profile of Buspirone (towards cloned human receptors) [41]
| Receptor | Binding Affinity (Ki [nM]) | Action |
|---|---|---|
| 5-HT1A | 28.62 | Agonist |
| 5-HT2A | 138.03 | Agonist |
| 5-HT2B | 213.79 | Agonist |
| 5-HT2C | 489.77 | Agonist |
| D2 | 484 | Antagonist |
| D3 | 98 | Antagonist |
| D4 | 29 | Antagonist |
| α1 | Agonist | |
| α1D | Agonist |
Research
- A study of acute morphine withdrawal in rats found that co-administration of Buspirone and morphine reduced synaptic ultrastructural changes in hippocampus leading to a reduction of anxiety and withdrawal symptoms.[42]
- In a 1996 study, buspirone was shown to be effective as an augmentative agent for the treatment of alcohol dependence.[43]
- Several studies have shown the administration of buspirone can improve spatial learning and memory function following a traumatic brain injury.[44][45]
- New research is being conducted to test the antagonist properties of buspirone at both D3 and D4 receptors as a pharmacological treatment for cocaine dependence.[34][46][47]
- In a 2007 study conducted on rats, buspirone showed a complete remission of haloperidol-induced tardive vacuous chewing symptoms when coadministered for five weeks.[48]
- Positive results for the treatment of depression when buspirone was combined with melatonin has been shown. It is suspected that the method of action differs from SSRI medications. Preliminary research suggests that the combination of buspirone and melatonin stimulates the growth of new neurons in the brain, also known as neurogenesis.[49][50][51]
- Buspirone has been studied as an adjunct in schizophrenia. Some neuroleptic drugs also act on 5-HT1A receptors and effects on the prefrontal cortex have been connected to clinical outcomes.[52]
Comparison to benzodiazepines
Buspirone's efficacy is comparable to that of members of the benzodiazepine family in treating GAD, although it tends to have a delayed onset of action.[53][54]
Abrupt discontinuation of diazepam after six weeks of continuous administration resulted in withdrawal symptoms. This was not the case when administration of buspirone was ceased after six weeks.[55] It may take several weeks before buspirone's anxiolytic effects become noticeable, and many patients may also need a higher dosage to adequately respond to treatment.[28]
Buspirone's chemical structure and mechanism of action are completely unrelated to those of benzodiazepines and is not effective as a treatment for benzodiazepine withdrawal.[56] Unlike benzodiazepines buspirone is not a drug of abuse.[7]
Synthesis
Buspirone synthesis:[57] DE 2057845 U.S. Patent 3,717,634 U.S. Patent 3,907,801 U.S. Patent 3,976,776
Alkylation of 1-(2-pyrimidyl)piperazine (1) with 3-chloro-1-cyanopropane (2, 4-chlorobutyronitrile) gives 3, which is reduced either by hydrogenation over Raney nickel catalyst, or with LAH. The resulting 1° amine (4) from the previous step is then reacted with 3,3-Tetramethyleneglutaric anhydride (5, 8-Oxaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione) in order to yield buspirone (6).
analogues
- Gepirone, Tandospirone, Zalospirone, Tiospirone.
References
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UpToDate Contents
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- 1. 全般性不安障害に対する薬物療法 pharmacotherapy for generalized anxiety disorder
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- 3. 選択的セロトニン再取り込み阻害剤（SSRI）に起因する性機能不全：マネージメント sexual dysfunction caused by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ssris management
- 4. Pharmacotherapy for panic disorder in adults
- 5. 女性における性機能障害：管理 sexual dysfunction in women management
English Journal
- Evaluation of buspirone for relapse-prevention in adults with cocaine dependence: An efficacy trial conducted in the real world.
- Winhusen T, Brady KT, Stitzer M, Woody G, Lindblad R, Kropp F, Brigham G, Liu D, Sparenborg S, Sharma G, Vanveldhuisen P, Adinoff B, Somoza E.SourceDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3210 Jefferson Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA.
- Contemporary clinical trials.Contemp Clin Trials.2012 Sep;33(5):993-1002. Epub 2012 May 19.
- Cocaine dependence is a significant public health problem for which there are currently no FDA-approved medications. Hence, identifying candidate compounds and employing an efficient evaluation process is crucial. This paper describes key design decisions made for a National Institute on Drug Abuse
- PMID 22613054
- Treating anxiety by discontinuing antidepressants: A case series.
- Phelps J, Manipod V.SourceSamaritan Mental Health, Corvallis, OR, USA.
- Medical hypotheses.Med Hypotheses.2012 Sep;79(3):338-41. Epub 2012 Jun 12.
- When a patient has symptoms of anxiety, while taking an antidepressant for depression, is it possible that the antidepressant is part of the problem Can antidepressants cause anxiety If this were so, even if relatively rare, it would have widespread implications because of the broad use of antidep
- PMID 22698959
Japanese Journal
- Quantification of a cytochrome P450 3A4 substrate, buspirone, in human plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
- CHEW Wade M.,XU Min-Jian,CORDOVA Catherine A.,SHERRY CHOW H-H.
- Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences 844(2), 235-239, 2006-12-12
- NAID 10024540762
- Buspirone in Rett syndrome respiratory dysfunction
- ANDAKU Daniela K.,MERCADANTE Marcos T.,SCHWARTZMAN Jose Salomao
- Brain & development 27(6), 437-438, 2005-09-01
- NAID 10019356500
- Inhibitory Effects of the 5-HT_<1A> Receptor Agonist Buspirone on Stress-Induced Hyperglycemia in Mice : Involvement of Insulin and a Buspirone Metabolite, 1-(2-Pyrimidinyl) piperazine (1-PP)(Pharmacology)
- SUGIMOTO Yumi,TAKASHIMA Nozomu,NOMA Toshiko,YAMADA Jun
- Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin 28(4), 733-735, 2005-04-01
- … Effects of serotonergic anxiolytic buspirone on immobilization-induced hyperglycemia were studied in mice. … Pretreatment with buspirone significantly reduced immobilization-induced hyperglycemia. … Buspirone increased serum insulin levels in both non- and stressed mice. …
- NAID 10016662639
Related Pictures
★リンクテーブル★
| リンク元 | 「ブスピロン」「BUSPAR」 |
「ブスピロン」
- 選択的セロトニン受容体作動薬
- 抗不安薬、片頭痛治療薬
- 非ベンゾジアゼピン系抗不安薬。作用は弱いがベンゾジアゼピン系と違って乱用の可能性が無く好んで用いられる。
- 5-HT1A受容体選択的アゴニスト