WordNet

any of various devices in which air or some other gas is bubbled through a liquid
rise in bubbles or as if in bubbles; "bubble to the surface"
a dome-shaped covering made of transparent glass or plastic
a hollow globule of gas (e.g., air or carbon dioxide)
an impracticable and illusory idea; "he didnt want to burst the newcomers bubble"
cause to form bubbles; "bubble gas through a liquid"
form, produce, or emit bubbles; "The soup was bubbling"

PrepTutorEJDIC

噴水式の水飲み口
〈C〉『あわ』,あぶく / 〈U〉あわ立ち,あわ立ちの音 / 〈C〉(すぐ消える)あわのようなこと / 〈C〉『シャボン玉』 / 『あわ立つ』 / ぶくぶくと音を立てる,あわ立って流れる / 〈特に女性が〉気持をわかす,はしゃぐ《+『over』》

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/10/24 19:02:01」(JST)

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A typical bubbler or drinking fountain

A drinking fountain, also called a water fountain or bubbler, is a fountain designed to provide drinking water. It consists of a basin with either continuously running water or a tap. The drinker bends down to the stream of water and swallows water directly from the stream. Modern indoor drinking fountains may incorporate filters to remove impurities from the water and chillers to reduce its temperature. Water fountains are usually found in public places, like schools, rest areas, libraries, and grocery stores. Many jurisdictions require water fountains to be wheelchair accessible (by sticking out horizontally from the wall), and to include an additional unit of a lower height for children and short adults. The design that this replaced often had one spout atop a refrigeration unit.

Use of the words bubbler, water fountain, and drinking fountain vary across regional dialects of English.

Play media

Video of a drinking fountain in use.

History

First drinking fountain installed by the Metropolitan Free Drinking Fountain Association.

In mid-19th century London, water provision from private water companies was generally inadequate for the rapidly growing population and was often contaminated. Legislation in the mid nineteenth century formed the Metropolitan Commission of Sewers, made water filtration compulsory, and moved water intakes on the Thames above the sewage outlets. In this context, the public drinking fountain movement began. It built the first public baths and public drinking water fountains.^[1]

In London, Metropolitan Free Drinking Fountain Association was established in 1859. The first fountain was built on Holborn Hill on the railings of the church of St Sepulchre-without-Newgate on Snow Hill, paid for by Samuel Gurney, and opened on 21 April 1859.^[2] The fountain became immediately popular, used by 7,000 people a day. In the next six years 85 fountains were built, with much of the funding coming directly from the association. The movement soon became associated with the temperance movement as they provided a substitute for alcohol and were purposely positioned outside public houses.^[1]

In the United States, drinking fountains were built beginning in 1889 by the then-small Kohler Water Works (now Kohler Company) in Kohler, Wisconsin, a company already established as a faucet producer.^{[citation needed]} The original 'Bubbler' shot water one inch straight into the air, creating a bubbling texture, and the excess water ran back down over the sides of the nozzle. Several years later the Bubbler adopted the more sanitary arc projection, which also allowed the user to drink more easily from it. At the start of the 20th century, it was discovered that the original vertical design was related to the spread of many contagious diseases.^[3]

Original working examples of the Bubbler can be found today around the Wisconsin State Capitol in Madison, Wisconsin.

Public drinking fountains have been in decline in the United States in recent years due to the increased production of plastic water bottles. Recently, increased efforts have been made across the nation to establish and restore public drinking fountains in parks, playgrounds, city streets, and more.^[4]

Cleanliness

Citizen using an original Kohler Bubbler at the Wisconsin State Capitol in Madison, Wisconsin.

In recent studies, it has been found that some water fountains have been contaminated with pathogens such as bacteria. In one study, a virus commonly known to cause diarrhea in young children known as the rotavirus has been found on drinking fountains in child day care facilities.^[5] Due to cases in the past where children have fallen ill due to coliform bacteria poisoning, many governments have placed strict regulations on drinking fountain designs. The vertical spout design is now illegal in most US jurisdictions. Some governments even require water spouts to be as long as four inches to meet health standards.^[3] It is also recommended for young children to allow water fountains to run before drinking, as the water may also be contaminated with lead. This is especially common in older buildings with obsolete plumbing.^[6]

Terminology

The term bubbler is a genericized trademark used in some regional dialects of the United States and in Australia.^[7] A survey of US dialects undertaken between 2002 and 2004 found the word bubbler commonly used in southern and eastern Wisconsin and in Rhode Island and Massachusetts. The phrase drinking fountain was common in the rest of the inland north and in the west, while water fountain dominated other parts of the country.^[8]

The term bubbler is sometimes used in the Portland, Oregon region where in the late 1800s former Wisconsin resident Simon Benson installed 20 fountains, which are now known in the Portland area as "Benson Bubbler".^[9]

References

^ ^a ^b Philip Davies. Troughs and Drinking Fountains. ISBN 0-7011-3369-4.
^ "Victorian fountains". The website of Bob Speel. Retrieved 2014-04-26.
^ ^a ^b "Is it Safe to Drink from Public Drinking Water Fountains?". aquasana. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
^ "Bring Back the Water Fountain! What You Can Do". US EPA. Retrieved 2014-04-26.
^ Bernard, Bruce (2013-03-15). "Where Have All the (Public Water) Fountains Gone?". Water quality and health. Retrieved 2014-04-26.
^ "Fact Sheet: Drinking Water in Schools". The Green Squad. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
^ Christensen, Sean (2 December 1994). "LINGUIST List Sum: Use of bubbler as a synonym for drinking fountain". Retrieved 2013-06-13.
^ "Bubbler map". 2004. Retrieved 2013-06-13.
^ Zeb Larson. "Benson Bubblers". The Oregon Encyclopedia. Retrieved August 11, 2013.

External links

Look up drinking fountain in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

The Kohler bubbler today
Link to a catalogue picture of a bubbler in Sydney, NSW, Australia, poss. 1960s
A City of Sydney reference to bubblers, including some historical photos
Dictionary of American Regional English "bubbler" entry and photo of the original bubbler

UpToDate Contents

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1. 幼児、小児、および成人に対する継続的酸素投与システム continuous oxygen delivery systems for infants children and adults

English Journal

Microcantilever sensors coated with doped polyaniline for the detection of water vapor.

Steffens C1, Leite FL, Manzoli A, Sandoval RD, Fatibello O, Herrmann PS.
Scanning.Scanning.2014 May;36(3):311-6. doi: 10.1002/sca.21109. Epub 2013 Jul 1.
In the present work, PANI (polyaniline) emeraldine salt (doped) and base (dedoped) were used as the sensitive layer of a silicon microcantilever, and the mechanical response (deflection) of the bimaterial (coated microcantilever) was investigated under the influence of humidity. PANI in the emeraldi
PMID 23817929

A culture-proven case of community-acquired legionella pneumonia apparently classified as nosocomial: diagnostic and public health implications.

Bargellini A1, Marchesi I, Marchegiano P, Richeldi L, Cagarelli R, Ferranti G, Borella P.
Case reports in medicine.Case Rep Med.2013;2013:303712. doi: 10.1155/2013/303712. Epub 2013 Feb 11.
We report a case of Legionella pneumonia in a 78-year-old patient affected by cerebellar haemangioblastoma continuously hospitalised for 24 days prior to the onset of overt symptoms. According to the established case definition, this woman should have been definitely classified as a nosocomial case
PMID 23476661

Removal of sea salt hydrate water from seawater-derived samples by dehydration.

Frossard AA1, Russell LM.
Environmental science & technology.Environ Sci Technol.2012 Dec 18;46(24):13326-33. doi: 10.1021/es3032083. Epub 2012 Dec 3.
Aerosol particles produced from bubble bursting of natural seawater contain both sea salts and organic components. Depending on the temperature, pressure, and speed of drying, the salt components can form hydrates that bind water, slowing evaporation of the water, particularly if large particles or
PMID 23181806

Japanese Journal

IMPACT OF BUBBLER DISCHARGE AND IRRIGATION WATER QUANTITY ON 1-HYDRAULIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND MAIZE BIOMASS YIELD

Mansour H. A.,Abdallah E. F.,Gaballah M. S. [他]
International journal of GEOMATE : geotechnique, construction materials and environment 9(1・2), 1538-1544, 2015-09
NAID 40020537630

Reliability of potassium ion electret in silicon oxide for vibrational energy harvester applications

Misawa Kensuke,Sugiyama Tatsuhiko,Hashiguchi Gen,Toshiyoshi Hiroshi
Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 54(6), 067201, 2015-04-30
… A spring-mass system similar to a comb-drive electrostatic actuator is developed by silicon micromachining, and the surface is oxidized by wet-oxidation through a potassium hydroxide bubbler, thereby including potassium atoms at a high concentration. …
NAID 150000110648

バブラアクチュエータの開発と内視鏡誘導への応用 (特集フルードパワーを活用した移動ロボットの最前線)

鈴森康一,脇元修一
フルードパワーシステム : 日本フルードパワーシステム学会誌 45(1), 16-19, 2014-01
NAID 40019951822

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