n.

臭化物、ブロム剤

WordNet

any of the salts of hydrobromic acid; formerly used as a sedative but now generally replaced by safer drugs

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〈U〉臭化物(鎮静剤・睡眠剤として用いる) / 〈C〉《話》陳腐なことば

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/02/08 01:29:50」(JST)

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For other uses, see bromide (disambiguation).

A bromide is a chemical compound containing a bromide ion or ligand. This is a bromine atom with an ionic charge of −1 in ionic compounds such as caesium bromide, or else a bromine atom with an oxidation number of -1 in covalent compounds such as sulfur dibromide.

Natural occurrence

Bromide is present in typical seawater (35 PSU) with a concentration of around 65 mg/L, which is around 0.2% of all dissolved salts. Seafoods and deep sea plants generally have high levels of bromide, while foods derived from land have variable amounts.

Chemistry

One can test for a bromide ion by adding excess dilute HNO₃ followed by dilute aqueous AgNO₃ solution. The formation of creamy silver bromide precipitate confirms the existence of bromides.

Medical uses

Main article: potassium bromide

Bromide compounds, especially potassium bromide, were frequently used as sedatives in the 19th and early 20th century. Their use in over-the-counter sedatives and headache remedies (such as Bromo-Seltzer) in the United States extended to 1975, when bromides were withdrawn as ingredients, due to chronic toxicity.^[3]

This use gave the word "bromide" its colloquial connotation of a boring cliché, a bit of conventional wisdom overused as a calming phrase, or verbal sedative.

The bromide ion is antiepileptic, and bromide salts are still used as such, particularly in veterinary medicine. Bromide ion is excreted by the kidneys. The half-life of bromide in the human body (12 days) is long compared with many pharmaceuticals, making dosing difficult to adjust (a new dose may require several months to reach equilibrium). Bromide ion concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid are about 30% of those in blood, and are strongly influenced by the body's chloride intake and metabolism.^[4]

Since bromide is still used in veterinary medicine (particularly to treat seizures in dogs) in the United States, veterinary diagnostic labs can routinely measure blood bromide levels. However, this is not a conventional test in human medicine in the U.S., since there are no FDA-approved uses for bromide, and (as noted) it is no longer available in over-the-counter sedatives. Therapeutic bromide levels are measured in European countries like Germany, where bromide is still used therapeutically in human epilepsy.

Chronic toxicity from bromide can result in bromism, a syndrome with multiple neurological symptoms. Bromide toxicity can also cause a type of skin eruption. See potassium bromide.

Lithium bromide was used as a sedative beginning in the early 1900s, but it fell into disfavor in the 1940s, possibly when some heart patients died after using a salt substitute (see lithium chloride).^[5] Like lithium carbonate and lithium chloride it was used as treatment for bipolar disorder.

In biology

Bromide is needed by eosinophils (white blood cells of the granulocyte class, specialized for dealing with multi-cellular parasites), which use it to generate antiparasitic brominating compounds such as hypobromite, by the action of eosinophil peroxidase, a haloperoxidase enzyme which is able to use chloride, but preferentially uses bromide when available.^[6] Despite this use by the body, bromide is not known to be strictly necessary for animal life, as its functions may generally be replaced (though in some cases not as well) by chloride. Land plants also do not use bromide.

Bromide salts are also sometimes used in hot tubs and spas as mild germicidal agents, using the action of an added oxidizing agent to generate in situ hypobromite, in a similar fashion to the peroxidase in eosinophils.

Bromide is also not a necessary nutrient for most animals in the sea, although a few sea animals, such as Murex snails, use bromide to make organic compounds. However, bromide ion is heavily concentrated by some species of ocean algae, which construct methyl bromide and a great number of bromoorganic compounds with it, using the unusual enzymes called vanadium bromoperoxidases to do these reactions.

The average concentration of bromide in human blood is 5.3±1.4 mg/L and varies with age and gender.^[7] Much higher levels may indicate exposure to brominated chemicals (e.g. methyl bromide). However, since bromide occurs in relatively high concentration in seawater and many types of seafood, bromide concentrations in the blood are heavily influenced by seafood contributions to the diet.

References

^ "Bromide - PubChem Public Chemical Database". The PubChem Project. USA: National Center for Biotechnology Information. http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=259.
^ ^a ^b Zumdahl, Steven S. (2009). Chemical Principles 6th Ed.. Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-618-94690-X.
^ Adams, Samuel Hopkins (1905). The Great American fraud. http://books.google.com/?id=fd_S2Van52EC&dq=%22The+Great+American+Fraud%22&printsec=frontcover#v=twopage&q&f=true.
^ Goodman and Gilman, The Biological Basis of Therapeutics, Fourth Edition, Chapter 10 (Hypnotics and Sedatives), p. 121, The MacMillan Co., London, 1970.
^ Bipolar disorder
^ Mayeno, AN; Curran, AJ; Roberts, RL; Foote, CS (1989). "Eosinophils preferentially use bromide to generate halogenating agents". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 264 (10): 5660–8. PMID 2538427.
^ Olszowy, HA; Rossiter, J; Hegarty, J; Geoghegan, P (1998). "Background levels of bromide in human blood". Journal of analytical toxicology 22 (3): 225–30. PMID 9602940.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 膿疱性皮膚病変を有する患者へのアプローチ approach to the patient with pustular skin lesions
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4. 薬疹 drug eruptions
5. 振戦の概要 overview of tremor

English Journal

Liquid oil and residual characteristics of printed circuit board recycle by pyrolysis.

Lin KH1, Chiang HL2.Author information 1Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.2Department of Health Risk Management, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan. Electronic address: hlchiang@mail.cmu.edu.tw.AbstractNon-metal fractions of waste printed circuit boards (PCBs) were thermally treated (200-500°C) under nitrogen atmosphere. Carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen were determined by elemental analyzer, bromine by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), phosphorus by energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX), and 29 trace elements by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES) and mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for raw material and pyrolysis residues. Organic compositions of liquid oil were identified by GC (gas chromatography)-MS, trace element composition by ICP system, and 12 water-soluble ions by IC (ionic chromatography). Elemental content of carbon was >450mg/g, oxygen 300mg/g, bromine and hydrogen 60mg/g, nitrogen 30mg/g, and phosphorus 28mg/g. Sulfur was trace in PCBs. Copper content was 25-28mg/g, iron 1.3-1.7mg/g, tin 0.8-1.0mg/g and magnesium 0.4-1.0mg/g; those were the main metals in the raw materials and pyrolytic residues. In the liquid products, carbon content was 68-73%, hydrogen was 10-14%, nitrogen was 4-5%, and sulfur was less than 0.05% at pyrolysis temperatures from 300 to 500°C. Phenol, 3-bromophenol, 2-methylphenol and 4-propan-2-ylphenol were major species in liquid products, accounting for >50% of analyzed organic species. Bromides, ammonium and phosphate were the main species in water sorption samples for PCB pyrolysis exhaust.
Journal of hazardous materials.J Hazard Mater.2014 Apr 30;271:258-65. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.02.031. Epub 2014 Mar 2.
Non-metal fractions of waste printed circuit boards (PCBs) were thermally treated (200-500°C) under nitrogen atmosphere. Carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen were determined by elemental analyzer, bromine by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), phosphorus by energy dispersive X-ray spectromet
PMID 24637450

Nickel-catalyzed chelation-assisted direct arylation of unactivated C(sp(3))-H bonds with aryl halides.

Li M1, Dong J, Huang X, Li K, Wu Q, Song F, You J.Author information 1Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, PR China. jsyou@scu.edu.cn.AbstractIn this work, we have disclosed the nickel-catalyzed unactivated β-C(sp(3))-H bond arylation of aliphatic acid derivatives with aryl iodides/bromides via bidentate chelation-assistance of an 8-aminoquinoline moiety. These preliminary results indicate the intrinsic catalytic potential of nickel metal for unactivated C(sp(3))-H bond arylation.
Chemical communications (Cambridge, England).Chem Commun (Camb).2014 Apr 18;50(30):3944-6. doi: 10.1039/c4cc00716f. Epub 2014 Mar 5.
In this work, we have disclosed the nickel-catalyzed unactivated β-C(sp(3))-H bond arylation of aliphatic acid derivatives with aryl iodides/bromides via bidentate chelation-assistance of an 8-aminoquinoline moiety. These preliminary results indicate the intrinsic catalytic potential of nickel meta
PMID 24599346

Synthesis of thio-heterocyclic analogues from Baylis-Hillman bromides as potent cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors.

Santhoshi A1, Mahendar B1, Mattapally S2, Sadhu PS1, Banerjee SK3, Jayathirtha Rao V4.Author information 1Crop Protection Chemicals Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India.2Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India.3Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India. Electronic address: skbanerjee@iict.res.in.4Crop Protection Chemicals Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India; AcSIR-IICT, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India. Electronic address: jrao@iict.res.in.AbstractA series of thio-substituted pyrimidine, benzoxazole, benzothiazole and triazole analogues were synthesized from Baylis-Hillman bromides in a clean and efficient way. The synthesized twenty new compounds were subjected to in vitro COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitory activity. Majority of compounds found to be highly selective COX-2 inhibitor. Seven compounds (16e, 16f, 16k, 16l, 16m, 16r and 16s) displayed anti-inflammatory activity at micromolar concentrations with IC50 values for COX-2 inhibition ranging from 2.93 to 5.34μM compared to reference drug whose IC50 is 2.66μM. All these seven compounds had very little COX-1 inhibition property and thus are suitable candidates for anti-inflammatory drugs with less gastrointestinal side effect.
Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters.Bioorg Med Chem Lett.2014 Apr 15;24(8):1952-7. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.02.073. Epub 2014 Mar 12.
A series of thio-substituted pyrimidine, benzoxazole, benzothiazole and triazole analogues were synthesized from Baylis-Hillman bromides in a clean and efficient way. The synthesized twenty new compounds were subjected to in vitro COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitory activity. Majority of compounds found to b
PMID 24661847

Japanese Journal

新規3点結合型リンカーを利用した分子触媒のシリカ担体への固定化

深谷訓久
Journal of the Japan Petroleum Institute 58(3), 141-152, 2015
シリカを担体とした固定化分子触媒におけるリーチングの防止を目的として，三つの独立した共有結合によって分子触媒を強固に担体上に固定化することのできる「3点結合型リンカー」を設計・合成し，シリカ表面への固定化，耐リーチング性能の評価を行った。従来型のトリアルコキシラン系のシランカップリング剤でシリカ上に有機基を固定化した有機無機複合材料ではおよそ半分程度の有機成分がリーチングしてしまう80 ℃，48時 …
NAID 130005085436

Highly Stereoselective Carbon–Carbon Bond-forming Reactions on Cyclopropane Rings Using 1-(Methoxycarbonyl)cyclopropylzinc Bromides

Sakuma Daichi,Yamada Kenta,Sasazawa Kazuya,Nishii Yoshinori
Chemistry Letters 44(6), 818-820, 2015
Highly stereoselective Reformatsky reaction and Pd-catalyzed arylation using 1-(alkoxycarbonyl)cyclopropylzinc bromide proceeded to give the trans-adduct as the major product in good to high yields wi …
NAID 130005074572

The Influence of Biodegradable Gemini Surfactants, N,N'-bis(1-Decyloxy-1-Oxopronan-2-yl)-N,N,N',N' Tetramethylpropane-1,3-Diammonium Dibromide and N,N'-bis(1-Dodecyloxy-1-Oxopronan-2-yl) N,N,N',N'-Tetramethylethane-1,2-Diammonium Dibromide, on Fungal Biofilm and Adhesion

Oblak Ewa,Piecuch Agata,Dworniczek Ewa [他],Olejniczak Teresa
Journal of Oleo Science 64(5), 527-537, 2015
… A group of biodegradable alanine-derived gemini quaternary ammonium salts (bromides and chlorides) with various alkyl chains and spacer lengths was tested for anti-adhesive and anti-biofilm activity. … The strongest antifungal activity was exhibited by bromides with 10 and 12 carbon atoms within hydrophobic chains (N,N'-bis(1-decyloxy-1-oxopronan-2-yl)-N,N,N',N'-tetramethylpropane-1,3-diammonium dibromide and N,N'-bis(1-dodecyloxy-1-oxopronan-2-yl)-N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethane-1,2-diammonium dibromide). …
NAID 130005067208

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

「bromide」

Bromide
	Systematic name Bromide
Identifiers
CAS number	24959-67-9
PubChem	259
ChemSpider	254
KEGG	C01324
ChEBI	CHEBI:15858
ChEMBL	CHEMBL11685
ATC code	N05CM11
Beilstein Reference	3587179
Gmelin Reference	14908
Jmol-3D images	Image 1
	SMILES [Br-] ;
	InChI InChI=1S/BrH/h1H/p-1 ; Key: CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M ;
Properties
Molecular formula	Br-
Molar mass	79.904 g mol-1
Pharmacology
Elimination; half-life	12 d
Thermochemistry
Std enthalpy of; formation ΔfHo298	−121 kJ·mol−1
Standard molar; entropy So298	82 J·mol−1·K−1
	(verify) (what is: /?); Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
	Infobox references

　　[★]

n.

臭化物、ブロム剤

[1] "Bromide - PubChem Public Chemical Database". The PubChem Project. USA: National Center for Biotechnology Information. http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=259.

[b1-2] Zumdahl, Steven S. (2009). Chemical Principles 6th Ed.. Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-618-94690-X.

[3] Adams, Samuel Hopkins (1905). The Great American fraud. http://books.google.com/?id=fd_S2Van52EC&dq=%22The+Great+American+Fraud%22&printsec=frontcover#v=twopage&q&f=true.

[4] Goodman and Gilman, The Biological Basis of Therapeutics, Fourth Edition, Chapter 10 (Hypnotics and Sedatives), p. 121, The MacMillan Co., London, 1970.

[5] Bipolar disorder

[6] Mayeno, AN; Curran, AJ; Roberts, RL; Foote, CS (1989). "Eosinophils preferentially use bromide to generate halogenating agents". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 264 (10): 5660–8. PMID 2538427.

[7] Olszowy, HA; Rossiter, J; Hegarty, J; Geoghegan, P (1998). "Background levels of bromide in human blood". Journal of analytical toxicology 22 (3): 225–30. PMID 9602940.

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案内

案内

bromides