bromide

• n.

• 臭化物、ブロム剤

　 　

WordNet

1. any of the salts of hydrobromic acid; formerly used as a sedative but now generally replaced by safer drugs

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 〈U〉臭化物(鎮静剤・睡眠剤として用いる) / 〈C〉《話》陳腐なことば

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/04/22 14:44:19」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

For other uses, see bromide (disambiguation).

Bromide

Names
Systematic IUPAC name Bromide
Identifiers
CAS Number	24959-67-9 N
Beilstein Reference	3587179
ChEBI	CHEBI:15858 Y
ChEMBL	ChEMBL11685 Y
ChemSpider	254 Y
Gmelin Reference	14908
Jmol 3D model	Interactive image
KEGG	C01324 N
PubChem	259
InChI InChI=1S/BrH/h1H/p-1 Y Key: CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M Y
SMILES [Br-]
Properties
Chemical formula	Br−
Molar mass	79.904 g mol−1
Thermochemistry
Std molar entropy (So298)	82 J·mol−1·K−1
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfHo298)	−121 kJ·mol−1
Pharmacology
ATC code	N05CM11 (WHO)
Pharmacokinetics:
Biological half-life	12 d
Related compounds
Other anions	Fluoride Chloride Iodide
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
N verify (what is YN ?)
Infobox references

A bromide is a chemical compound containing a bromide ion or ligand. This is a bromine atom with an ionic charge of −1 (Br⁻); for example, in caesium bromide, caesium cations (Cs⁺) are electrically attracted to bromide anions (Br⁻) to form the electrically neutral ionic compound CsBr. The term "bromide" can also refer to a bromine atom with an oxidation number of −1 in covalent compounds such as sulfur dibromide (SBr₂).

Natural occurrence

Bromide is present in typical seawater (35 PSU) with a concentration of around 65 mg/L, which is around 0.2% of all dissolved salts. Seafoods and deep sea plants generally have high levels of bromide, while foods derived from land have variable amounts.

Chemistry

One can test for a bromide ion by adding excess dilute HNO₃ followed by dilute aqueous AgNO₃ solution. The formation of creamy silver bromide precipitate confirms the existence of bromides.

Medical uses

Main article: potassium bromide

Bromide compounds, especially potassium bromide, were frequently used as sedatives in the 19th and early 20th century. Their use in over-the-counter sedatives and headache remedies (such as Bromo-Seltzer) in the United States extended to 1975, when bromides were withdrawn as ingredients, due to chronic toxicity.

This use gave the word "bromide" its colloquial connotation of a boring cliché, a bit of conventional wisdom overused as a calming phrase, or verbal sedative.

The bromide ion is antiepileptic, and bromide salts are still used as such, particularly in veterinary medicine. Bromide ion is excreted by the kidneys. The half-life of bromide in the human body (12 days) is long compared with many pharmaceuticals, making dosing difficult to adjust (a new dose may require several months to reach equilibrium). Bromide ion concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid are about 30% of those in blood, and are strongly influenced by the body's chloride intake and metabolism.

Since bromide is still used in veterinary medicine (particularly to treat seizures in dogs) in the United States, veterinary diagnostic labs can routinely measure blood bromide levels. However, this is not a conventional test in human medicine in the U.S., since there are no FDA-approved uses for bromide, and (as noted) it is no longer available in over-the-counter sedatives. Therapeutic bromide levels are measured in European countries like Germany, where bromide is still used therapeutically in human epilepsy.

Chronic toxicity from bromide can result in bromism, a syndrome with multiple neurological symptoms. Bromide toxicity can also cause a type of skin eruption. See potassium bromide.

Lithium bromide was used as a sedative beginning in the early 1900s, but it fell into disfavor in the 1940s, possibly due to the rising popularity of safer and more efficient sedatives (specifically, barbiturates) and when some heart patients died after using a salt substitute (see lithium chloride). Like lithium carbonate and lithium chloride it was used as treatment for bipolar disorder.

It has been said that during World War I, British soldiers were given bromide to curb their sexual urges, although this is not well supported by documentation, and has been disputed as an urban myth, as the sedative effects of bromide would have hampered military performance. Lord Dunsany mentions a soldier being given bromide as a sedative for nervous exhaustion and overwork in his play "Fame and the Poet" (1919).

In biology

Recently, bromine (as bromide) was shown to be an essential cofactor for the peroxidasin catalyzed formation of sulfilimine crosslinks in collagen IV. Since this is a post-translational modification that occurs in all animals, bromine is therefore an essential trace element for humans.

Bromide is needed by eosinophils (white blood cells of the granulocyte class, specialized for dealing with multi-cellular parasites), which use it to generate antiparasitic brominating compounds such as hypobromite, by the action of eosinophil peroxidase, a haloperoxidase enzyme which is able to use chloride, but preferentially uses bromide when available. Other than its role in collagen IV production and its facultative use in eosinophils by the body, bromide is not known in other cases necessary for animal life, as its functions may generally be replaced (though in some cases not as well) by chloride. Land plants do not use bromide.

Bromide salts are also sometimes used in hot tubs and spas as mild germicidal agents, using the action of an added oxidizing agent to generate in situ hypobromite, in a similar fashion to the peroxidase in eosinophils.

Bromide is perhaps a minor necessary nutrient for collagen IV-producing animals in the sea. However, a few sea animals, such as Murex snails, use bromide to make organic compounds. Bromide ion is also heavily concentrated by some species of ocean algae, which construct methyl bromide and a great number of bromoorganic compounds with it, using the unusual enzymes called vanadium bromoperoxidases to do these reactions.

The average concentration of bromide in human blood in Queensland, Australia is 5.3±1.4 mg/L and varies with age and gender. Much higher levels may indicate exposure to brominated chemicals (e.g. methyl bromide). However, since bromide occurs in relatively high concentration in seawater and many types of seafood, bromide concentrations in the blood are heavily influenced by seafood contributions to the diet.

References

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

• 1. 代謝性アシドーシス以外の状況における血清アニオンギャップ serum anion gap in conditions other than metabolic acidosis
• 2. アレルギー性鼻炎の薬物療法 pharmacotherapy of allergic rhinitis
• 3. 12歳未満の小児における慢性喘息：初回評価および診断 asthma in children younger than 12 years rescue treatment for acute symptoms
• 4. 小児における喘息の急性増悪：救急外来によるマネージメント acute asthma exacerbations in children emergency department management
• 5. 成人における亜急性および慢性咳嗽の治療 treatment of subacute and chronic cough in adults

English Journal

• Utilization of acid pre-treated coconut dregs as a substrate for production of detergent compatible lipase by Bacillus stratosphericus.

• Mohd Zin NB1, Mohamad Yusof B1, Oslan SN2, Wasoh H1,3, Tan JS4, Ariff AB1,3, Halim M5,6.
• AMB Express.AMB Express.2017 Dec;7(1):131. doi: 10.1186/s13568-017-0433-y. Epub 2017 Jun 23.
• PMID 28651380

• Structural Variety and Adsorptive Properties of Mesoporous Silicas with Immobilized Oligosaccharide Groups.

• Trofymchuk I1, Roik N2, Belyakova L2.
• Nanoscale research letters.Nanoscale Res Lett.2017 Dec;12(1):307. doi: 10.1186/s11671-017-2072-2. Epub 2017 Apr 26.
• PMID 28449545

• Energy Transfer in Ce0.85Tb0.15F3 Nanoparticles-CTAB Shell-Chlorin e6 System.

• Losytskyy MY1, Kuzmenko LV2, Shcherbakov OB3, Gamaleia NF4, Marynin AI5, Yashchuk VM2.
• Nanoscale research letters.Nanoscale Res Lett.2017 Dec;12(1):294. doi: 10.1186/s11671-017-2077-x. Epub 2017 Apr 24.
• PMID 28445996

• Phytochemical composition, anti-inflammatory activity and cytotoxic effects of essential oils from three Pinus spp.

• Basholli-Salihu M1,2, Schuster R1, Hajdari A3,4, Mulla D1,2, Viernstein H1, Mustafa B3,4, Mueller M1.
• Pharmaceutical biology.Pharm Biol.2017 Dec;55(1):1553-1560. doi: 10.1080/13880209.2017.1309555.
• PMID 28385055

Japanese Journal

• 臭化メチルの海外事情

• 植物防疫 70(3), 195-198, 2016-03
• NAID 40020751523

• 症例 直腸癌術後にdistigmine bromideによるコリン作動性クリーゼと中毒性巨大結腸症を併発した1例

• 外科 = Surgey : 臨床雑誌 78(2), 190-193, 2016-02
• NAID 40020719825

• 促成ピーマン栽培におけるトウガラシマイルドモットルウイルス弱毒株(L3-163)が生育,収量および品質に及ぼす影響と仕立て法による多収栽培技術

• 鹿児島県農業開発総合センター研究報告 = Bulletin of the Kagoshima Prefectural Institute for Agricultural Development (10), 21-27, 2016
• NAID 40020792235

• 症例報告 臭化ジスチグミン内服中に腸閉塞をきたし急速に呼吸不全に至ったコリン作動性クリーゼの1例

• The Japanese journal of clinical toxicology = 中毒研究 : 日本中毒学会機関誌 29(1), 26-29, 2016
• NAID 40020757360

Related Links

• Bromide | Definition of Bromide by Merriam-Webster

His speech had nothing more to offer than the usual bromides about how everyone needs to work together. <a newspaper editorial offering the timeworn bromide that ... After bromine was discovered in 1827, chemists could not resist ...

• Bromide - definition of bromide by The Free Dictionary

bro·mide (brō′mīd′) n. 1. a. Univalent anionic bromine, or a compound of bromine, especially a binary compound of bromine with a more electropositive element. b. Potassium bromide. 2. a. A commonplace remark or notion; a ...

• Bromideとは - goo Wikipedia (ウィキペディア)

Natural occurrence [edit] Bromide is present in typical seawater (35 PSU) with a concentration of around 65 mg/L, which is around 0.2% of all dissolved salts. Seafoods and deep sea plants generally have high levels of bromide, while ...

Related Pictures

---

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「臭化」「臭化物」「ブロミド」「ブロマイド」「ブロム剤」
拡張検索	「flutropium bromide」「tiotropium bromide」「tiquizium bromide」「glycopyrrolate bromide」
関連記事	「bromides」

「臭化」

　　[★]

英

bromide、bromo

関

臭化物、ブロミド、ブロモ、ブロマイド

「臭化物」

　　[★]

英

bromide

関

臭化、ブロミド、ブロマイド

「ブロミド」

　　[★]

英

bromide

関

臭化、臭化物、ブロマイド

「ブロマイド」

　　[★]

英

bromide

関

臭化、臭化物、ブロミド

「ブロム剤」

　　[★]

英

bromide

関

ブロム化合物、臭化物

「flutropium bromide」

　　[★]

• 臭化フルトロピウム

関

flutropium

「tiotropium bromide」

　　[★]

• 臭化チオトロピウム

関

tiotropium

「tiquizium bromide」

　　[★]

• 臭化チキジウム

関

tiquizium

「glycopyrrolate bromide」

　　[★] 臭化グリコピロレート

「bromides」

　　[★]

• n.

• 臭化物、ブロム剤