breast cancer gene

乳癌遺伝子

関

BRCA

WordNet

1. meet at breast level; "The runner breasted the tape"
2. the part of an animals body that corresponds to a persons chest
3. either of two soft fleshy milk-secreting glandular organs on the chest of a woman (同)bosom, knocker, boob, tit, titty
4. the front of the trunk from the neck to the abdomen; "he beat his breast in anger" (同)chest
5. meat carved from the breast of a fowl (同)white_meat
6. type genus of the family Cancridae (同)genus Cancer
7. the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 (同)Cancer the Crab, Crab
8. (astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer (同)Crab
9. a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
10. any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream (同)malignant neoplastic disease
11. (genetics) a segment of DNA that is involved in producing a polypeptide chain; it can include regions preceding and following the coding DNA as well as introns between the exons; it is considered a unit of heredity; "genes were formerly called factors" (同)cistron, factor
12. having a breast or breasts; or breasts as specified; used chiefly in compounds; "small-breasted"; "red-breasted sandpiper"

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 『胸』,『胸部』;(服の)胸部 / 『乳房』,乳 / 《文》胸中,心紳 / …'を'胸に受ける,胸に受けて進む / …‘に'雄々しく立ち向かう
2. 〈U〉〈C〉『がん』 / 〈U〉〈C〉害悪 / 《Cancer》(星座の)カニ座
3. 遺伝子

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/10/30 10:53:53」(JST)

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Breast cancer 1, early onset
PDB rendering based on 1jm7.
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB List of PDB id codes 1JM7, 1JNX, 1N5O, 1OQA, 1T15, 1T29, 1T2U, 1T2V, 1Y98, 2ING, 3COJ, 3K0H, 3K0K, 3K15, 3K16, 3PXA, 3PXB, 3PXC, 3PXD, 3PXE
Identifiers
Symbols	BRCA1; BRCAI; BRCC1; BROVCA1; IRIS; PNCA4; PPP1R53; PSCP; RNF53
External IDs	OMIM: 113705 MGI: 104537 HomoloGene: 5276 ChEMBL: 5990 GeneCards: BRCA1 Gene
Gene Ontology Molecular function • DNA binding • transcription coactivator activity • RNA binding • ubiquitin-protein ligase activity • protein binding • zinc ion binding • tubulin binding • enzyme binding • ubiquitin protein ligase binding • transcription regulatory region DNA binding • androgen receptor binding Cellular component • ubiquitin ligase complex • ruffle • nucleus • nucleoplasm • chromosome • plasma membrane • focal adhesion • gamma-tubulin ring complex • ribonucleoprotein complex • BRCA1-BARD1 complex • filamentous actin • protein complex • BRCA1-A complex Biological process • double-strand break repair via homologous recombination • DNA repair • postreplication repair • double-strand break repair • regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter • regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase III promoter • fatty acid biosynthetic process • apoptotic process • response to DNA damage stimulus • DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in transcription of p21 class mediator • chromosome segregation • intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage • response to ionizing radiation • protein ubiquitination • androgen receptor signaling pathway • positive regulation of protein ubiquitination • G2 DNA damage checkpoint • substrate adhesion-dependent cell spreading • positive regulation of histone acetylation • regulation of cell proliferation • regulation of apoptotic process • response to estrogen stimulus • negative regulation of fatty acid biosynthetic process • positive regulation of DNA repair • negative regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent • positive regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent • positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter • negative regulation of centriole replication • positive regulation of histone H3-K4 methylation • negative regulation of histone H3-K9 methylation • protein autoubiquitination • positive regulation of histone H4-K20 methylation • positive regulation of cell cycle arrest • cellular response to indole-3-methanol • protein K6-linked ubiquitination • regulation of cell motility • positive regulation of histone H3-K9 acetylation • positive regulation of histone H4-K16 acetylation Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	672	12189
Ensembl	ENSG00000012048	ENSMUSG00000017146
UniProt	P38398	P48754
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_007294	NM_009764
RefSeq (protein)	NP_009225	NP_033894
Location (UCSC)	Chr 17: 41.2 – 41.32 Mb	Chr 11: 101.49 – 101.55 Mb
PubMed search	[1]	[2]

Location of the BRCA1 gene on chromosome 17.

BRCA1 (/ˈbrækə/; breast cancer 1, early onset) is a human caretaker gene (i.e. found in all humans) that produces a protein called breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein, responsible for repairing DNA. The first evidence for the existence of the gene was provided by the King laboratory at UC Berkeley in 1990. Four years later, after an international race to find it, the gene was cloned in 1994 by scientists at University of Utah, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) and Myriad Genetics.

BRCA1 is expressed in the cells of breast and other tissue, where it helps repair damaged DNA, or destroy cells if DNA cannot be repaired. If BRCA1 itself is damaged, damaged DNA is not repaired properly and this increases risks for cancers (see BRCA mutation).

The protein encoded by the BRCA1 gene combines with other tumor suppressors, DNA damage sensors, and signal transducers to form a large multi-subunit protein complex known as the BRCA1-associated genome surveillance complex (BASC). The BRCA1 protein associates with RNA polymerase II, and through the C-terminal domain, also interacts with histone deacetylase complexes. Thus, this protein plays a role in transcription, DNA repair of double-stranded breaks ubiquitination, transcriptional regulation as well as other functions.

Methods to diagnose the likelihood of a patient with mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 getting cancer were covered by patents owned or controlled by Myriad Genetics. Myriad's business model of exclusively offering the diagnostic test led from Myriad being a startup in 1994 to being a publicly traded company with 1200 employees and about $500M in annual revenue in 2012; it also led to controversy over high prices and the inability to get second opinions from other diagnostic labs, which in turn led to the landmark Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics lawsuit.

Gene location

The human BRCA1 gene is located on the long (q) arm of chromosome 17 at region 2 band 1, from base pair 41,196,312 to base pair 41,277,500 (Build GRCh37/hg19) (map). BRCA1 orthologs have been identified in most mammals for which complete genome data are available.

Protein structure

The BRCA1 protein contains the following domains:

• Zinc finger, C3HC4 type (RING finger)
• BRCA1 C Terminus (BRCT) domain

This protein also contains nuclear localization signal and nuclear export signal motifs.

The human BRCA1 protein consists of four major protein domains; the Znf C3HC4- RING domain, the BRCA1 serine domain and two BRCT domains. These domains encode approximately 27% of BRCA1 protein. There are six known isoforms of P38398 BRCA1, with isoforms 1 and 2 comprising 1863 amino acids each.

Domain map of BRCA1; RING, serine containing domain (SCD), and BRCT domains are indicated. Horizontal black lines indicate protein-binding domains for the listed partners. Red circles mark phosphorylation sites.

Zinc ring finger domain

The RING motif, a Zn finger found in eukaryotic peptides, is 40-60 amino acids long and consists of eight conserved metal-binding residues, two quartets of cysteine or histidine residues that coordinate two zinc atoms. This motif contains a short anti-parallel beta-sheet, two zinc binding loops and a central alpha helix in a small domain. This RING domain interacts with associated proteins including BARD1, which also contains a RING motif, to form a heterodimer. The BRCA1 RING motif is flanked by alpha helices formed by residues 8-22 and 81-96 of the BRCA1 protein. It interacts with a homologous region in BARD1 also consisting of a RING finger flanked by two alpha-helices formed from residues 36-48 and 101-116. These four helices combine to form a heterodimerization interface and stabilise the BRCA1-BARD1 heterodimer complex. Additional stabilisation is achieved by interactions between adjacent residues in the flanking region and hydrophobic interactions. The BARD1/BRCA1 interaction is disrupted by tumorigenic amino acid substitutions in BRCA1, implying that the formation of a stable complex between these proteins may be an essential aspect of BRCA1 tumor suppression.

The ring domain is an important element of ubiquitin E3 ligases which catalyse protein ubiquitination2. Ubiquitin is a small regulatory protein found in all tissues which directs proteins to compartments within the cell. BRCA1 polypeptides, in particular Lys-48-linked polyubiquitin chains, are dispersed throughout within the resting cell nucleus but when DNA replication begins they gather in restrained groups that also contain BRCA2 and BARD1. BARD1 is thought to be involved in the recognition and binding of protein targets for ubiquitination. It attaches to proteins and labels them for destruction. Ubiquitination occurs via the BRCA1 fusion protein and is abolished by zinc chelation. The enzyme activity of the fusion protein is dependent on the proper folding of the ring domain.

Serine cluster domain

BRCA1 serine cluster domain (SCD) spans amino acids 1280-1524. A portion of the domain is located in exons 11-13. High rates of mutation occur in exons 11-13. Reported phosphorylation sites of BRCA1 are concentrated in the SCD where they are phosphorylated by ATM/ATR kinases both in vitro and in vivo. ATM/ATR are kinases activated by DNA damage. Mutation of serine residues may affect localization of BRCA1 to sites of DNA damage and DNA damage response function.

BRCT domains

The dual repeat BRCT domain of the BRCA1 protein is an elongated structure approximately 70 Å long and 30-35 Å wide. The 85-95 amino acid domains in BRCT can be found as single modules or as multiple tandem repeats containing two domains. Both of these possibilities can occur in a single protein in a variety of different conformations. The C-terminal BRCT region of the BRCA1 protein is essential for repair of DNA, transcription regulation and tumor suppressor function. In BRCA1 the dual tandem repeat BRCT domains are arranged in a head-to-tail-fashion in the three-dimensional structure, burying 1600Å of hydrophobic, solvent accessible surface area in the interface. These all contribute to the tightly packed knob-in-hole structure that comprises the interface. These homologous domains interact to control cellular responses to DNA damage. It is therefore no surprise, that a missense mutation at the interface of these two proteins can have devastating consequences on the cell cycle, resulting in protein dysfunction and a greater risk of developing cancer. The linker that joins these two homologs also needs to be considered, since its poorly defined electron density alludes to a possible complex function; the ability to flex.

Function and mechanism

BRCA1 is part of a complex that repairs double-strand breaks in DNA. The strands of the DNA double helix are continuously breaking from damage. Sometimes one strand is broken, and sometimes both strands are broken simultaneously. DNA cross linking agents are an important source of chromosome/DNA damage. Double strand breaks occur as intermediates after the cross links are removed. BRCA1 is part of a protein complex that repairs DNA when both strands are broken. When both strands are broken, it is difficult for the repair mechanism to "know" how to replace the correct DNA sequence, and there are multiple ways to attempt the repair. The double-stranded repair mechanism that BRCA1 participates in is homologous recombination, in which the repair proteins utilize homologous intact sequence from a sister chromatid, from a homologous chromosome, or from the same chromosome (depending on cell cycle phase) as a template. This DNA repair takes place with the DNA in the cell nucleus, wrapped around the histone. Several proteins, including BRCA1, arrive at the histone-DNA complex for this repair. Regulatory aspect to BRCA1 nuclear ⁄ non-nuclear distribution was first shown by Dr Rao laboratory in 1997

In the nucleus of many types of normal cells, the BRCA1 protein interacts with RAD51 during repair of DNA double-strand breaks. These breaks can be caused by natural radiation or other exposures, but also occur when chromosomes exchange genetic material (homologous recombination, e.g., "crossing over" during meiosis). The BRCA2 protein, which has a function similar to that of BRCA1, also interacts with the RAD51 protein. By influencing DNA damage repair, these three proteins play a role in maintaining the stability of the human genome.

BRCA1 is also involved in another type of DNA repair, termed mis-match repair. BRCA1 interacts with the DNA mismatch repair protein MSH2. MSH2, MSH6, PARP and some other proteins involved in single strand repair are reported to be elevated in BRCA1-deficient mammary tumors.

A protein called valosin-containing protein (VCP, also known as p97) plays a role to recruit BRCA1 to the damaged DNA sites. After ionizing radiation, VCP is recruited to DNA lesions and cooperates with the ubiquitin ligase RNF8 to orchestrate assembly of signaling complexes for efficient DSB repair. BRCA1 interacts with VCP. BRCA1 also interacts with c-Myc, another proteins that are critical to maintain genome stability.

BRCA1 directly binds to DNA, with higher affinity for branched DNA structures. This ability to bind to DNA contributes to its ability to inhibit the nuclease activity of the MRN complex as well as the nuclease activity of Mre11 alone. This may explain a role for BRCA1 to promote lower fidelity DNA repair by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). BRCA1 also colocalizes with γ-H2AX (histone H2AX phosphorylated on serine-139) in DNA double-strand break repair foci, indicating it may play a role in recruiting repair factors.

Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde are common environmental sources of DNA cross links that often require repairs mediated by BRCA1 containing pathways.

Transcription

BRCA1 was shown to co-purify with the human RNA Polymerase II holoenzyme in HeLa extracts, implying it is a component of the holoenzyme. Later research, however, contradicted this assumption, instead showing that the predominant complex including BRCA1 in HeLa cells is a 2 megadalton complex containing SWI/SNF. SWI/SNF is a chromatin remodeling complex. Artificial tethering of BRCA1 to chromatin was shown to decondense heterochromatin, though the SWI/SNF interacting domain was not necessary for this role. BRCA1 interacts with the NELF-B (COBRA1) subunit of the NELF complex.

Other roles

Research suggests that both the BRCA1 and BRCA2 proteins regulate the activity of other genes and play a critical role in embryo development. The BRCA1 protein probably interacts with many other proteins, including tumor suppressors and regulators of the cell division cycle.

Mutations and cancer risk

Further information: BRCA mutation

Certain variations of the BRCA1 gene lead to an increased risk for breast cancer as part of a hereditary breast-ovarian cancer syndrome. Researchers have identified hundreds of mutations in the BRCA1 gene, many of which are associated with an increased risk of cancer. Women with an abnormal BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene have up to a 80% risk of developing breast cancer by age 90; increased risk of developing ovarian cancer is about 55% for women with BRCA1 mutations and about 25% for women with BRCA2 mutations.

These mutations can be changes in one or a small number of DNA base pairs (the building-blocks of DNA). Those mutations can be identified with PCR and DNA sequencing.

In some cases, large segments of DNA are rearranged. Those large segments, also called large rearrangements, can be a deletion or a duplication of one or several exons in the gene. Classical methods for mutations detection (sequencing) are unable to reveal those mutations. Other methods are proposed: quantitative PCR, Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA), and Quantitative Multiplex PCR of Shorts Fluorescents Fragments (QMPSF). New methods have been recently proposed: heteroduplex analysis (HDA) by multi-capillary electrophoresis or also dedicated oligonucleotides array based on comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH).

Some results suggest that hypermethylation of the BRCA1 promoter, which has been reported in some cancers, could be considered as an inactivating mechanism for BRCA1 expression.

A mutated BRCA1 gene usually makes a protein that does not function properly. Researchers believe that the defective BRCA1 protein is unable to help fix DNA damages leading to mutations in other genes. These mutations can accumulate and may allow cells to grow and divide uncontrollably to form a tumor. Thus, BRCA1 inactivating mutations lead to a predisposition for cancer.

BRCA1 mRNA 3' UTR can be bound by an miRNA, Mir-17 microRNA. It has been suggested that variations in this miRNA along with Mir-30 microRNA could confer susceptibility to breast cancer.

In addition to breast cancer, mutations in the BRCA1 gene also increase the risk of ovarian, fallopian tube, and prostate cancers. Moreover, precancerous lesions (dysplasia) within the Fallopian tube have been linked to BRCA1 gene mutations. Pathogenic mutations anywhere in a model pathway containing BRCA1 and BRCA2 greatly increase risks for a subset of leukemias and lymphomas.

Women having inherited a defective BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene have risks for breast and ovarian cancer that are so high and seem so selective that many mutation carriers choose to have prophylactic surgery. There has been much conjecture to explain such apparently striking tissue specificity. Major determinants of where BRCA1/2 hereditary cancers occur are related to tissue specificity of the cancer pathogen, the agent that causes chronic inflammation or the carcinogen. The target tissue may have receptors for the pathogen, become selectively exposed to an inflammatory process or to a carcinogen. An innate genomic deficit in a tumor suppressor gene impairs normal responses and exacerbates the susceptibility to disease in organ targets. This theory also fits data for several tumor suppressors beyond BRCA1 or BRCA2. A major advantage of this model is that it suggests there may be some options in addition to prophylactic surgery.

Germ line mutations and founder effect

All germ-line BRCA1 mutations identified to date have been inherited, suggesting the possibility of a large “founder” effect in which a certain mutation is common to a well-defined population group and can, in theory, be traced back to a common ancestor. Given the complexity of mutation screening for BRCA1, these common mutations may simplify the methods required for mutation screening in certain populations. Analysis of mutations that occur with high frequency also permits the study of their clinical expression. Examples of manifestations of a founder effect are seen among Ashkenazi Jews. Three mutations in BRCA1 have been reported to account for the majority of Ashkenazi Jewish patients with inherited BRCA1-related breast and/or ovarian cancer: 185delAG, 188del11 and 5382insC in the BRCA1 gene. In fact, it has been shown that if a Jewish woman does not carry a BRCA1 185delAG, BRCA1 5382insC founder mutation, it is highly unlikely that a different BRCA1 mutation will be found. Additional examples of founder mutations in BRCA1 are given in Table 1 (mainly derived from ).

This is an incomplete list, which may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.

Population or subgroup	BRCA1 mutation(s)	Reference(s)
African-Americans	943ins10, M1775R
Afrikaners	E881X
Ashkenazi Jewish	185delAG, 188del11, 5382insC
Austrians	2795delA, C61G, 5382insC, Q1806stop
Belgians	2804delAA, IVS5+3A>G
Dutch	Exon 2 deletion, exon 13 deletion, 2804delAA
Finns	3745delT, IVS11-2A>G
French	3600del11, G1710X
French Canadians	C4446T
Germans	5382insC, 4184del4
Greeks	5382insC
Hungarians	300T>G, 5382insC, 185delAG
Italians	5083del19
Japanese	L63X, Q934X
Native North Americans	1510insG, 1506A>G
Northern Irish	2800delAA
Norwegians	816delGT, 1135insA, 1675delA, 3347delAG
Pakistanis	2080insA, 3889delAG, 4184del4, 4284delAG, IVS14-1A>G
Polish	300T>G, 5382insC, C61G, 4153delA
Russians	5382insC, 4153delA
Scottish	2800delAA
Spanish	R71G
Swedish	Q563X, 3171ins5, 1201del11, 2594delC

Female fertility

As women age, their reproductive performance declines leading to menopause. This decline is tied to a reduction in the number of ovarian follicles. Although about 1 million oocytes are present at birth in the human ovary, only about 500 (about 0.05%) of these ovulate, and the rest are wasted. The decline in ovarian reserve appears to occur at a constantly increasing rate with age, and leads to nearly complete exhaustion of the reserve by about age 52. As ovarian reserve and fertility decline with age, there is also a parallel increase in pregnancy failure and meiotic errors resulting in chromosomally abnormal conceptions.

Women with a germ-line BRCA1 mutation appear to have a diminished oocyte reserve and decreased fertility compared to normally aging women. Furthermore, women with an inherited BRCA1 mutation undergo menopause prematurely. Since BRCA1 is a key DNA repair protein, these findings suggest that naturally occurring DNA damages in oocytes are repaired less efficiently in women with a BRCA1 defect, and that this repair inefficiency leads to early reproductive failure.

As noted above, the BRCA1 protein plays a key role in homologous recombinational repair. This is the only known cellular process that can accurately repair DNA double-strand breaks. DNA double-strand breaks accumulate with age in humans and mice in primordial follicles. Primordial follicles contain oocytes that are at an intermediate (prophase I) stage of meiosis. Meiosis is the general process in eukaryotic organisms by which germ cells are formed, and it is likely an adaptation for removing DNA damages, especially double-strand breaks, from germ line DNA. (Also see article Meiosis). Homologous recombinational repair employing BRCA1 is especially promoted during meiosis. It was found that expression of 4 key genes necessary for homologous recombinational repair of DNA double-strand breaks (BRCA1, MRE11, RAD51 and ATM) decline with age in the oocytes of humans and mice, leading to the hypothesis that DNA double-strand break repair is vital for the maintenance of oocyte reserve and that a decline in efficiency of repair with age plays a key role in ovarian aging.

Cancer chemotherapy

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. At diagnosis, almost 70% of persons with NSCLC have locally advanced or metastatic disease. Persons with NSCLC are often treated with therapeutic platinum compounds (e.g. cisplatin, carboplatin or oxaliplatin) that cause inter-strand cross-links in DNA. Among individuals with NSCLC, low expression of BRCA1 in the primary tumor correlated with improved survival after platinum-containing chemotherapy. This correlation implies that low BRCA1 in the cancer, and the consequent low level of DNA repair, causes vulnerability of the cancer to treatment by the DNA cross-linking agents. High BRCA1 may protect cancer cells by acting in a pathway that removes the damages in DNA introduced by the platinum drugs. Thus the level of BRCA1 expression is a potentially important tool for tailoring chemotherapy in lung cancer management.

Level of BRCA1 expression is also relevant to ovarian cancer treatment. Patients having sporadic ovarian cancer who were treated with platinum drugs had longer median survival times if their BRCA1 expression was low compared to patients with higher BRCA1 expression (46 compared to 33 months).

Patents, enforcement, litigation, and controversy

Main article: Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics

A patent application for the isolated BRCA1 gene and cancer-cancer promoting mutations discussed above, as well as methods to diagnose the likelihood of getting breast cancer, was filed by the University of Utah, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) and Myriad Genetics in 1994; over the next year, Myriad, in collaboration with investigators at Endo Recherche, Inc., HSC Research & Development Limited Partnership, and University of Pennsylvania, isolated and sequenced the BRCA2 gene and identified key mutations, and the first BRCA2 patent was filed in the U.S. by Myriad and other institutions in 1995. Myriad is the exclusive licensee of these patents and has enforced them in the US against clinical diagnostic labs. This business model led from Myriad being a startup in 1994 to being a publicly traded company with 1200 employees and about $500M in annual revenue in 2012; it also led to controversy over high prices and the inability to get second opinions from other diagnostic labs, which in turn led to the landmark Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics lawsuit. The patents begin to expire in 2014.

According to an article published in the journal, Genetic Medicine, in 2010, "The patent story outside the United States is more complicated.... For example, patents have been obtained but the patents are being ignored by provincial health systems in Canada. In Australia and the UK, Myriad’s licensee permitted use by health systems, but announced a change of plans in August 2008. ... Only a single mutation has been patented in Myriad’s lone European-wide patent, although some patents remain under review of an opposition proceeding. In effect, the United States is the only jurisdiction where Myriad’s strong patent position has conferred sole-provide status." Peter Meldrum, CEO of Myriad Genetics, has acknowledged that Myriad has "other competitive advantages that may make such [patent] enforcement unnecessary" in Europe.

Legal decisions surrounding the BRCA1 and BRCA2 patents will affect the field of genetic testing in general. In June 2013, in Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics (No. 12-398), the US Supreme Court unanimously ruled that, "A naturally occurring DNA segment is a product of nature and not patent eligible merely because it has been isolated," invalidating Myriad's patents on the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. However, the Court also held that manipulation of a gene to create something not found in nature could still be eligible for patent protection. The Federal Court of Australia came to the opposite conclusion, upholding the validity of an Australian Myriad Genetics patent over the BRCA1 gene in February 2013, but this decision is being appealed and the appeal will include consideration of the US Supreme Court ruling.

Interactions

BRCA1 has been shown to interact with

• ABL1,
• AKT1,
• AR,
• ATR,
• ATM,
• ATF1,
• AURKA,
• BACH1,
• BARD1,
• BRCA2,
• BRCC3,
• BRE,
• BRIP1,
• C-jun,
• CHEK2,
• CLSPN,
• COBRA1,
• CREBBP,
• CSNK2B,
• CSTF2,
• CDK2,
• DHX9,
• ELK4,
• EP300,
• ESR1,
• FANCA,
• FANCD2,
• FHL2,
• H2AFX,
• JUNB,
• JunD,
• LMO4,
• MAP3K3,
• MED1,
• MED17,
• MED21,
• MED24,
• MRE11A,
• MSH2,
• MSH3,
• MSH6,
• Myc,
• NBN,
• NMI,
• NPM1,
• NCOA2,
• NUFIP1,
• P53,
• PALB2,
• POLR2A,
• PPP1CA,
• Rad50,
• RAD51,
• RBBP4,
• RBBP7,
• RBBP8,
• RELA,
• RB1,
• RBL1,
• RBL2,
• RPL31,
• SMARCA4
• SMARCB1,
• STAT1,
• UBE2D1,
• USF2,
• VCP,
• XIST,
• ZNF350,

Browser view

View a graphical representation of all GenBank isoforms at the UCSC Genome Browser

UCSC Gene details page

See also

• BRCA2
• Breast cancer
• Mary-Claire King

References

External links

• BRCA1 Protein at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
• Genes, BRCA1 at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
• FactorBook BRCA1
• tumor suppressor gene database
• GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on BRCA1 and BRCA2 Hereditary Breast/Ovarian Cancer
• OMIM entries on BRCA1 and BRCA2 Hereditary Breast/Ovarian Cancer
• "Genetic Testing for BRCA1 and BRCA2 - National Cancer Institute". National Cancer Institute. Archived from the original on 1 October 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-11. 
• "BRCA1: breast cancer 1". NIEHS SNPs Program. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. Retrieved 2008-10-11. 
• Johan T. den Dunnen; Stylianos E. Antonarakis. "A mutation nomenclature for BRCA1 mutations". Wiley Interscience. Retrieved 2010-02-10. 
• "FORCE: Facing Our Risk of Cancer Empowered -- Hereditary, Genetic Breast or Ovarian Cancer and BRCA Issues". Facing Our Risk of Cancer Empowered, Inc. Archived from the original on 29 September 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-11. 

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 遺伝性乳癌・卵巣癌症候群の遺伝カウンセリングおよび遺伝子検査 genetic counseling and testing for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer
• 2. 遺伝性およびまたは家族性乳癌・卵巣癌患者のマネージメント management of patients with hereditary and or familial breast and ovarian cancer
• 3. 遺伝性乳癌・卵巣癌症候群の概要 overview of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndromes
• 4. BRCA1およびBRCA2遺伝子に関連する遺伝性乳癌および卵巣癌 brca1 and brca2 associated hereditary breast and ovarian cancer
• 5. 新たに診断された非転移性乳癌の治療の概要 overview of the treatment of newly diagnosed non metastatic breast cancer

English Journal

• Runx1 is associated with breast cancer progression in MMTV-PyMT transgenic mice and its depletion in vitro inhibits migration and invasion.

• Browne G1,2, Taipaleenmäki H2,3, Bishop NM4, Madasu SC1, Shaw LM5, van Wijnen AJ2,6, Stein JL1,2, Stein GS1,2, Lian JB1,2.
• Journal of cellular physiology.J Cell Physiol.2015 Oct;230(10):2522-32. doi: 10.1002/jcp.24989.
• Runx1 is a transcription factor essential for definitive hematopoiesis, and genetic abnormalities in Runx1 cause leukemia. Runx1 is functionally promiscuous and acts as either an oncogene or tumor suppressor gene in certain epithelial cancers. Recent evidence suggests that Runx1 is an important fact
• PMID 25802202

• Metabolic reprogramming supports the invasive phenotype in malignant melanoma.

• Bettum IJ1, Gorad SS2, Barkovskaya A1, Pettersen S1, Moestue SA2, Vasiliauskaite K1, Tenstad E3, Øyjord T1, Risa Ø2, Nygaard V1, Mælandsmo GM4, Prasmickaite L5.
• Cancer letters.Cancer Lett.2015 Sep 28;366(1):71-83. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.06.006. Epub 2015 Jun 18.
• Invasiveness is a hallmark of aggressive cancer like malignant melanoma, and factors involved in acquisition or maintenance of an invasive phenotype are attractive targets for therapy. We investigated melanoma phenotype modulation induced by the metastasis-promoting microenvironmental protein S100A4
• PMID 26095603

• Low fouling label-free DNA sensor based on polyethylene glycols decorated with gold nanoparticles for the detection of breast cancer biomarkers.

• Wang W1, Fan X2, Xu S1, Davis JJ3, Luo X4.
• Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2015 Sep 15;71:51-6. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.04.018. Epub 2015 Apr 7.
• A label-free and low fouling biosensor based on functional polyethylene glycols selective for breast cancer susceptibility gene (BRCA1) is reported. Sensory interfaces were prepared through the modification of a glassy carbon electrode with highly cross-linked polyethylene glycol (PEG) film containi
• PMID 25884734

Japanese Journal

• The Sal-like 4 - integrin α6β1 network promotes cell migration for metastasis via activation of focal adhesion dynamics in basal-like breast cancer cells.

• Biochimica et biophysica acta 1864(1), 76-88, 2017-01
• NAID 120005860049

• Eribulin sensitizes oral squamous cell carcinoma cells to cetuximab via induction of mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition

• Oncology Reports 36(6), 3139-3144, 2016-12
• NAID 120005973603

• 新しいHER2遺伝子/蛋白検出法 (特集 乳癌研究 : 最近のトピックス)

• 細胞 48(7), 314-317, 2016-07
• NAID 40020901072

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Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「乳癌遺伝子」
関連記事	「breast」「cancer」「cancer gene」

「乳癌遺伝子」

　　[★]

英

breast cancer gene、BRCA

関

BRCA遺伝子

「breast」

　　[★]

• n.

• 胸、胸部
• 乳房

　 　 　 　 　 　

「cancer」

　　[★]

同

癌腫

関

tumor

　 　

「cancer gene」

　　[★] 癌遺伝子、oncogene